Curiosities in chymistry being new experiments and observations concerning the principles of natural bodies / written by a person of honour ; and published by his operator, H.G.
Imprimatur, Tractatus Cui Titulus Curiosities in Chymistry.
Sept. 30. 1690. Ex Aedibus Collegij.
Guall. Charleton. Proefes Coll. Med. Lond.
Censore.
Tho. Burwell,
J. Gordon,
Will. Dawes,
Tho. Gill.
Curiosities in Chymistry: BEING NEW EXPERIMENTS AND Observations Concerning the PRINCIPLES OF Natural Bodies.
Written by a Person of HONOUR, and Published by his Operator, H. G.
LONDON: Printed b• H.C. for Stafford Anson, at the Three Pigeons in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1691.
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NEW EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS Concerning the PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL BODIES.
The Introduction.
THE Ingenious Author of this Treatise has herein laid a great many Experiments and Obser∣vations together, in order to prove
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that Water is the only first Material Principle of Natural Bodies; and that all the other pretended Hypostatical Principles are ultimate and reducible into mere Elementary Water. Where∣fore to give a brief and perspicuous account of his Reasonings upon this Subject, he has thought it expedient to reduce them to the following Propositions.
Sect. I.
The Ardent Spirits of Vegetables are nothing else but the Oleous Particles of these Vegetables subtilized by Fermentation, and thereby dissolved in, and united to some part of their own Phlegm.
FOR Lavender, Rue, Marjoram, &c. di∣stilled without addition, and without a previous Fermentation, afford an Oyl, but never yield any burning Spirit. Where∣as after Fermentation they yield an ardent Spirit, but no Oyl; which is a manifest proof, that the inflamable Oyl is conver∣ted into an inflamable Spirit: especially, since by the lasting action of the Air upon this Spirit, the Oleous part will at last be brought to separate it self from the phlegm
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and swim above it. Moreover if you pour Oyls in small quantity upon Fermenting Vegetables, they will come over in Distilla∣tion in the form of Spirits.
As for the Spirits of Aniseeds, Worm∣wood, and such other Oleous and Aromatick Vegetables, that are prepared with Spirit of Wine without any previous Fermentation; they are nothing else but the Oyls of these Ve∣getables that the Spirit of Wine has imbibed and carried up along with it in Distillation. For this Spirit, being it self no other thing than the Oyl of Wine Dissolv'd in Phlegm, will presently imbibe any Aromatick Oyl dropt into it. Hence it is, that, in the Pre∣paration of Spirit of Aniseeds, the Oleous part of the Spirit of Wine imbibes as much of their Oyl as it can receive, and the rest (for they abound with Oyl) being joyn'd with the Phlegmatick part of the Spirit of Wine, compose a Milk-coloured Liquor, (as all Oyls do when they are mixed with Water, which we see daily in the Prepara∣tion of Emulsions) whose Oily parts may be imbibed by fresh Spirit of Wine, and by that means yield Spirit of Aniseeds anew.
Finally, 'tis upon the account of their Oleous nature, that ardent Spirits are so Inflamable; and that they so much weaken
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the Corroding Acidity of Aqua fortis, as to render it innocent enough to be taken inwardly, though they themselves be en∣dowed with a certain Volatile Acid.
Sect. II.
The Spirits of Vegetables, made by Incineration, are nothing else but the Vola∣tile Salts of the Tartar of these Plants, dis∣solved in their own Phlegm.
FOR they consist of the Effluvia that ascend from the Plants, while their Tartar is a Calcining into a fixt Salt, kept from flying away into the Air, by reason of the peculiar structure of the Furnaces, &c. imployed in this kind of Incineration: and are therefore altogether of the same na∣ture with Spirit of Soot, or even with the genuine bitterish Alcaline Spirit of Tartar of Wine. N.B. Since in the Juice of Grapes, the Alcali and Acid, mutually Coagulated, obtain the name of Tartar, Why should not the same Salts, con-coagulated in the Juices of other Vegetables, though endow∣ed with very different Seeds, obtain the same Appellation, rather than that of Es∣sential Salts? For there is really, in the Jui∣ces of all Vegetables, a Tartar not unlike to that of Wine. So that the Spirits, pre∣pared by the Incineration of Plants, do,
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like that of Vinous Tartar, proceed from the Tartars of these Plants; which seeing they consist of the same Salts, namely Al∣caly and Acid, those Spirits are indeed nothing else but these Salts in a Fluid state. Hence if genuine Spirit of Tartar be drawn off from an Alcalisate Salt, the Volatile Acid being left in the fixt Alcaly, it will strike your Nose with the pungent scent of a Volatile Urinous Salt.
Sect. III.
The Alcaline Ʋrinous Spirits of Animals are nothing else, but the Vola∣tile Salts of these Animals, dissolved in a lit∣tle of their own Phlegm.
[FOR, 1. If you put Spirit of Urine, or any other Urinous Spirit, well re∣ctified, into a glass conveniently shaped, a gentle heat will sublime good store of dry Volatile Salt into the slender neck of the Glass, leaving a weak Phlegmatick Liquor in the bottom; which would be mere insi∣pid Phlegm, if it could be perfectly freed from the Volatile Salt that 'tis yet im∣pregnated with, and from the subtle Par∣ticles of Oyl that generally, if not con∣stantly, ascend together with these Spirits, and continue invisibly mixed with them (though never so well rectified, even to a
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perfect transparency) for a long time, 'till at length by the action of the Air, or evaporation of the Volatile Salt (if the Glass be not very well stop'd) or the inte∣stine motion of the parts of the Liquor, though it be, the Particles of Oyl begin to seperate themselves from the rest of the Liquor, and gather together into nume∣rous little drops, which, though they be singly invisible, yet render the whole Li∣quor muddy and of a reddish colour. 2. In the Distillation, for instance, of Fermented Urine, or of Sal Armoniack mingled with a fixt Salt, usually the Vola∣tile Salt sublimes at first in a dry form; but if you continue the Distillation, so much of the Phlegm will ascend as shall dissolve all your Volatile Salt, and wash it it down into the Receiver, where you have it in the form of a Spirit. 3. If you dissolve, in common Water Distilled, as much Vo∣latile Salt of Human Blood (for instance) as it will take up, and Distil this mixture, you will by that means obtain a Liquor, that by its smell, tast, and divers Ope∣rations, appears to be a good brisk Spirit of Human Blood; as that incomparable promoter of Experimental Philosophy, Mr. Boyle, has observed in his late useful Treatise about Human Blood.
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The same is to be said of the Alcaline Spi∣rits, that are Distilled from Peas, Beans, and some other Vegetables: For they appear by divers effects to be much of the same na∣ture with Urinous Spirits.]
Sect. IV.
The Acid Spirits of Minerals (as Sea-salt, Vitriol, Sulphur, &c.) are no∣thing else but the Acid Salts of these Mine∣rals freed from the more Terrestrial Parts, united with a little Phlegm, and so reduced into a fluid state by the force of the fire.
FOR you may reduce them to a dry Salt by pouring them upon an Alcaly. For instance, Spirit of Vitriol, after it has been imployed to corrode Iron, and the superfluous moisture evaporated, recor∣porifies into Vitriol. And Spirit of Nitre, satiated with Salt of Tartar or any other fixt Salt, turns into Nitre again after eva∣poration. Moreover these Acid Spirits are often found upon the Corks (that stop the Glasses wherein they are kept) in a dry saline form.
The same is to be said of the Acid Spi∣rits of Vegetables, as that of Vinegar, Tar∣tar, Guaiac, &c. which are nothing else but Essential Salts dissolved in Phlegm.
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Sect. V.
The Oyls or Sulphurs of Vegetables are nothing else but Volatile Salts concen∣trated, in union with an unctuous inflama∣ble Acid; which by its unctuosity hin∣ders them to mix readily with Water, as all Salts use to do.
THerefore Helmont often affirms, that Vegetable Oyls may be turned into Volatile Salts. But however that be, be∣ing joyned with fixt Salts, they turn into a Soap; and if they be frequently drawn off, they are thereby at last resolved into mere Elementary Water: which is also true of all Fermented ardent Spirits, since they are but Oyls dissolved in Phlegm. Thus Spirit of Wine, drawn off from Salt of Tartar, leaves its seminal Acid behind it, and comes over weak and Phlegmatick: and if this abstraction be often reiterated, it is thereby at length resolved into pure Elementary Water, as will be more fully declared hereafter.
There is a certain Vegetable Sulphur, found in Charcoals before they be burnt to ashes, by vertue whereof they glow. It is separated by means of Alcali's and Pre∣cipitation. This Sulphur is of a golden colour, and of no contemptible use: but
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if the Charcoal be Distilled in a Retort with an open fire, it turns, like all other Sulphurs, into an Acid Spirit, which be∣ing poured upon the fixt Salt of the Caput mortuum, makes an effervescence with it, and so is Coagulated into a Salt.
Sect. VI.
The Sulphurs of Animals, namely Oyl and Fat, are also nothing else but Vo∣latile Alcaline Salts concentrated, and somewhat suppressed by an occult Acid (that is not manifest to sense) so that they can∣not make any Effervescence with manifest Acids.
THESE Volatile Salts may be discove∣red after the very same manner with those of Vegetable Oyls. Yea, sometimes Dogs-grease, for instance, exposed in a Glass to the Sun, sublimes into a Volatile Salt without any other art: and 'tis, upon the sole account of this Volatile Salt, that it has been found beneficial to the exulce∣rated Lungs of Consumptive persons. The Oyl of Harts-horn also may be sublimed into a Volatile Salt.
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Sect. VII.
The Acid Oyls of Minerals (as Vitriol, Sulphur, Allom, Sea-salt, &c.) are not true Oyls, but Acid Salts concentra∣ted; and differ not from the fore-men∣tioned Acid Spirits of the same Minerals, but in that they are less diluted with Phlegm.
Sect. VIII.
All Mineral Sulphurs, if they be kindled, turn into a very Acid saline Spi∣rit.
THE fixt incombustible Sulphurs of Me∣tals, that Helmont speaks of, are (if there be any such Sulphurs) reducible into a Salt, since the same Author informs us, that the Metals themselves may be totally reduced to an aequiponderant Salt, and this into insipid Water.
As for the Earthy part of Natural Bodies, being useless and of no activity, it scarce∣ly uses to be reckoned amongst the Prin∣ciples. And however Helmont informs us, that the Liquor Alcahest turns this Earth into Water, by depriving it of its Essence, i. e. of its seminal vertue.
From what has been said it appears that all those substances, that the vulgar Chy∣mists obtain from Bodies by the Fire, and
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style Principles, are reducible to Salts and and Phlegm (or Water.) Now our in∣genious Author goes on to prove, at great length, that even,
Sect. IX.
All sorts of Salts, whether Acid or Alcalisate, Fixt or Volatile, are finally reducible to Elementary Water.
HERE first of all 'tis to be acknow∣ledged, that Salts do naturally exist in Bodies before they have suffered the Fire: although in many Bodies, as Woods, Flints, &c. the Salts are so bound up, by reason of the close contexture of the Parts of these Bodies, that they cannot easily be put into motion and dissolved, and there∣fore do not affect the Organs of tast, 'till the concretion of the Parts be dissolved, and the scattered saline Particles be brought together and Colliquated by the Fire. Nor is it true, that the Terrestrial Particles are turned into Salts by the Operation of the Fire: for, Why is it then that Ashes, once Elixiviated, will not yield one grain more of Salt, though you Calcine them again? Why do not any Terrestrial Parti∣cles acquire a saline tast by the Operation of the Fire? But yet,
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Sect. X.
The fixt Salts of Vegetables, pre∣pared by Calcination, were not naturally pre∣existent in that form, but are produced of the Volatile Salts, colliquated amongst themselves and with the Earthy Particles, by the force of the Fire.
'TIS true, there naturally exists, in the Juice of Grapes and of all other Ve∣getables, a Tartar so fixt as to be inodo∣rous, and to endure the Air (though not the Fire) without flying away. Which fixtness proceeds from the Acid, that satu∣rates the Volatile Alcali of this Tartar; as we see in the Volatile Salt of Urine, Soot, &c. which being satiated with Spi∣rit of Salt, are thereby fixed into Sal-Ar∣moniack, that has no smell. The Fer∣mentation of the Juices, pressed out of Ap∣ples, Pears, &c. is a manifest proof of this Tartarous Salt; for there can be no Fermentation without Acid and Alcaly, which are the constituent Principles of Tartar. But there is no Salt, pre-existent to Calcination in any Vegetable, so fixt as to endure the Fire as well as the Air. For,
First, the ordinary way of preparing fixt Salts, is, by burning the dried Vegeta∣bles
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to Ashes in an open Fire, Lixiviating these Ashes by decoction in common Wa∣ter, and exposing this Lee to some heat, 'till the greatest part of the Water being Evaporated, the saline Particles, formerly dispersed in the Pores of the Liquor, unite together for want of room into Crystals, of different Figures, according to the di∣versity of the seminal Acid. Others Distill a certain Acid seminal Spirit from the Plant, reduced to Ashes by a moderate Fire, and Lixiviate the Salt that remains in the retort with this Spirit. Again others, in∣stead of this Acid, cast a little Sulphur upon the Salt, when 'tis highly Calcined, whose seminal Acid gives a certain form to the Salt, in place of that which the extreme Calcination had destroyed; lest, if the Salt were wholly destitute of a seminal Acid, it should resolve into Elementary Water, as shall be made out hereafter. But Tachenius's method is the best; namely, to reduce the Plants, whilst they are fresh and green, into black Ashes with a very gentle Fire, so as they may not break out into a manifest flame; to Calcine these Ashes to whiteness in an Earthen Pot over the fire, stirring them ever now and then; after this to Lixiviate them with common Wa∣ter; to evaporate the Lee to the consistence
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of Honey; then to urge it with a mode∣rate Fire to browness: and last of all to dissolve and Chrystallise it. One pound of Ashes, prepared after this manner, will yield near four ounces of very pure fixt Salt: whereas four pound Calcined by the former methods, will scarce yield one ounce. The reason of so great a difference, depends partly upon the greenness of the Plants, and partly upon the moderateness of the Fire imployed to Calcine them. For dried Plants (for instance Wormwood) do always afford less fixt Salt than green ones; whence it manifestly follows, that by Exs•iccation some Saline Particles are carried away with the Aqueous ones, which would have composed a part of the fixt Salt, if the Plant had been Calcined while it was green: now these Salts could not fly away unless they were Volatile. A∣gain, as the Volatile Salts of a Plant are spent by the action of the Air in Exsiccati∣on, so are they likewise by the action of the Fire in Calcination; and this so much the more, by how much the Fire is more violent; for the Particles of a manifest flame, being in exceeding quick motion, ex∣cite the Volatile Salts to a swifter motion, and consequently a more copious avolati∣on, than those of a gentle smothering Fire.
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Secondly, If you take the Soot that ascends in the Calcination of Tartar, (otherwise called the Spirit of Tartar,) and put it back again to the Caput mortuum, you will there∣by much increase the quantity of the fixt Salt: And if all the Volatile saline Parti∣cles of Tartar could be kept from flying away in Calcination, they would all turn into a fixt Salt. But if all of them were driven away, 'twere not possible to obtain one grain of fixt Salt: which yet never happens, because they cannot all fly away at once, but one after another; so that those, which were to fly away last, are by reason of their longer stay in the fire, Col∣liquated, and so fixed; and that partly by the Acid Particles that feed the flame (and condense the smoak into Soot) and partly by the Earthy Particles, commixed with the Volatile Salts that are Coagulated in the Fire.
Thirdly, 'Tis impossible to extract one grain of fixt Salt from any Vegetable, not yet calcined to Ashes, that is, so long as there remains any smoke, or the least motion, of the Vegetable Particles (such as we see in glowing Charcoal;) but when this moti∣on ceases, 'tis a sign that all the remaining Particles are Coagulated and fixed.
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Fourthly, Soot is nothing else but a heap of Volatile Particles Coagulated together, and yet by Calcination it affords a conside∣rable quantity of fixt Salt; which must proceed from the Colliquation of the Vo∣latile Salts, since there can be none but such in Soot: for fixt Salts are so constant in the Fire that they cannot ascend in the form of Flame or Smoak, and consequent∣ly cannot enter the composition of Soot. And that the Salts of Soot are Volatile, is also manifest from hence, that, by means of Spirit of Salt, they may be turned to Sal-Armoniack, and consequently (when the Acid Spirit is separated by the addition of a fixed Alcali) into a Volatile and highly Urinous Salt. So that the matter, of which the fixt Salt of Soot consists, are these Vo∣latile Salts of Soot, one Acid and another Urinous, Colliquated together and with the Terrestrial Particles, by the force of the Fire. Nor can it be said, that the fixt Salt of Soot was carried up by the Volatile; for (besides that there was no fixt Salt pre-existent in the mixt Body) by this means it would be no more a fixt but a Volatile Salt: and if we consider the pro∣portion of the fixt Salt of Soot to the weight of the Soot it self, it will easily appear, that Soot contains not enough of
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Volatile Salt to elevate such a quantity of Fixt, since that ought to exceed this almost in a triple proportion. Thus though if you mingle fixt Salt of Tartar, with a sufficient proportion of its own, or any other, Volatile Salt, and commit this mixture to sublima∣tion, our Author denies not but that some parts of the fixt Salt will be elevated by the other Salt; yet he affirms, that these are not integral parts, but have lost the nature of a fixt Salt, and are really turned into a Volatile one, because this sublimati∣on separates them from the Terrestial Par∣ticles, their union with which was the only thing that kept them in a fixt state. In the like manner Spirit of Wine, being digested with fixt Salt of Tartar, and drawn off by Distillation, carries along with it some of the saline Particles (whence it is said to be Tartaris'd,) but no Terrestrial ones, and consequently no fixt Salt but a Volatile. Again, as 'tis im∣possible to obtain one grain of fixt Salt from Soot, before a violent Calcination, so the quan∣tity of the fixt Salt is increased by all the same methods that restrain the Volatile from flying away in this Calcination: namely if it be Calcined in a close Vessel, with an intense Fire at the beginning, (that the Volatile Salts may be the sooner colliquated, be∣fore
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they can have time to fly away) then beaten, and kept stirring over the Fire 'till it be of a cineritious colour. The Soot also, that ascends in the Calcination of Soot, being put back again to the Caput Mortu∣um, increases the quantity of the fixt Salt.
Fifthly, Whatsoever separates the Terre∣strial parts from any fixt Salt, does at the same time destroy its Fixity, and Volatilise the saline parts. Which our Author makes out by several Experiments. 1. If you pour Spirit of Salt, by degrees, upon a Lee of Salt of Tartar, (or of any other Alcalisate Salt,) 'till it be almost satiated, (which is known by the abating of the Ef∣fervescence,) you shall observe a kind of Earth precipitate out of the fixt Salt, (namely because, upon the mutual conflict, between an Acid and an Alcali, whatsoever heterogeneous substance is contained in either of them uses to precipitate.) The Earthy part of the Salt of Tartar being thus sepa∣rated, the saline part is thereby render'd Volatile, and would actually fly away, were it not for the Acid that fixes it anew: and if you separate this Acid, by the addition of new Salt of Tartar, it will by this means be set at liberty, and strike your Nostrils with an Urinous odour. Thus, if you separate the Liquor from the precipitated
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Earth by Filtration, then reduce it to Cry∣stals by evaporation, and last of all, mingle an equal quantity of Salt of Tartar, with these Crystals in a Mortar; the Acid rit Spirit will joyn it self to this new Salt of Tartar, and so the Volatile Alcali, being freed from the Acid, flies away. Nor can it be said, that the forementioned Earth did but externally adhere to the Salt of Tar∣tar, and was not intimately united with it by Colliquation; since the experiment suc∣ceeds with Oyl of Tartar per deliquium, though it be clear and limpid like Rock-water: but observe, that the Earth does not fall out of the Pores of the Oyl of Tar∣tar, 'till the Salts have attain'd the point of saturation, and then the Liquor, that was lympid before, begins to look troub∣led; and when the Glass has stood a while, a whitish colour'd substance settles to the bottom. But the Volatile Salt, that is se∣parated from the Oyl of Tartar, is wea∣ker than that which is separated from the dry Salt; because Salts approach so much the nearer to the nature of Elementary Water, by how much the easier they run per deliquium. 2. In the very same man∣ner, and for the same reason, a Volatile Urinous Salt may be obtain'd from the Caput mortuum of Sal-Armoniac, by the ad∣dition
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of new fixt Salt. For in Sal-Armo∣niack there is a somewhat fixt Acid Spirit, combined with the Volatile Salt of Urine and Soot; which Acid, being imbib'd by the Salt of Tartar, (that is mingled with the Sal-Armoniack immediately be∣fore Distillation,) the Volatile Salt is set at liberty, and presently flies away. And in the mean time, the forementioned Acid dissolves the Union, between the Earthy and Saline Particles of the Salt of Tartar, and thereby renders the saline ones Vola∣tile; which therefore, so soon as they are freed from this Acid, by the addition of new Salt of Tartar to the Caput mortuum, do presently ascend, even without Fire, with a most piercing Urinous odour. And even from this second Caput mortuum you may obtain a Volatile Salt, by the additi∣on of a third portion of Salt of Tartar. 3. The Volatilisation of Salt of Tartar, by the help of Vinegar, depends upon the same Principle. For they pour Vinegar upon the Salt of Tartar, and draw it off very Phlegmatick; for the Acid Salt is left in the Salt of Tartar. Then they pour on fresh Vinegar, and abstract it as before; and reiterate this Operation so often, 'till the Vinegar came over as Acid as when it was poured on: which is a sign that the
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Salt of Tartar is now satiated with the Acid of the Vinegar, and consequently Vo∣latilis'd by the separation of the Earth that fix'd it. For if you pour Vinegar upon the Lee of Tartar, to the point of satura∣tion, the Earth of the Tartar will pre∣sently precipitate. 4. The Preparation of Balsam of Samech is of no small affinity to this; namely, the Volatilisation of Salt of Tartar, by a frequent abstraction of Spirit of Wine from it. For the Spirit that is first poured on, though it were highly rectifi'd, comes off Phlegmatick, with very great loss of its igneous vertue; because 'tis in great part turned into a Water, by being rob'd of its seminal Acid. But, so soon as the Salt of Tartar is fully satiated with this Acid, (which cannot be without re∣iterating the abstraction of fresh Spirit a great many times, since Salt of Tartar re∣quires a great quantity of the strongest Vinegar to satiate it, though the Acidity of Vinegar be manifest and more fixt, whereas that of Spirit of Wine is occult and Volatile,) and the Spirit comes off without loss of strength, the Alcali of the Tartar is found to have been Volatilis'd, by being separated from the Earth that fix'd it. Hence you may observe a sweet∣ness in the Spirit of Wine Tartarised,
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which argues, that the Acid Particles of the Spirit are Converted into sweet ones, by being Coagulated in the Alcalisate ones of the Salt of Tartar that ascend with them; in like manner as when Vinegar is Coagulated in Saturn or Mars. N. B. 'Tis not necessary, in this Operation, to separate the Acid from the Volatilis'd Alcaly, before this Alcaly can be made to ascend, as it was in the Experiments made with Spirit of Salt and Vinegar; because the Acid of the Spirit of Wine is much more Volatile than that of Spirit of Salt or Vinegar, and therefore, tho' it be Co∣agulated in the Volatilis'd Alcaly, yet it hinders not it's Volatility. 5. The same Observation holds of Oyl of Cinnamon (and the like Distil'd Oyls) which being long Digested and Circulated with it's own Fixt Salt, Volatilizes it, and is to∣gether with it totally converted into a Volatile Salt, if Helmont rightly informs us, And 'tis easy to understand the reason of this, if we consider that there is an Acid in all distill'd Oyls, as well as in Spirit of Wine and all other Inflamable Substances; which we shall manifestly prove hereafter. 6. In the Fermentation of Salt of Tartar with its own proper Ferment, namely Crude Tartar; the Acid
Page 23
of the latter Precipitates the Earth of the former; (from eight ounces of each the Author has seen two Drams of Earth separ∣ated) but the Volatilis'd Alcaly, being kept under the power of this Acid, does not yet manifest it self: so that the Vola∣tile Urinous Salt which is obtain'd from hence, does not so much proceed from the Salt of Tartar, as from the Crude Tartar, on which the Salt of Tartar operates in this case, much after the same manner as it uses to do as Sal-Armoniac. Which is the more probable, because a very piercing Urinous Salt may be obtain'd from Crude Tartar alone, without any Salt of Tartar, only by the addition of an equal weight of Crude Alum, as Dan. Ludovicus informs us. 7. Oyl of Tartar per deliquium, di∣gested with Flowers of Sulphur in a gentle heat, emits Particles extremely Urinous; which effect the Author attributes to the Acid of the Sulphur: and adds, that, hav∣ing had occasion to reduce faetid Oyl of Harts-horn into a soap with a certain Al∣calisate Salt, the Glass grew warm with∣out any External Heat, and a strong Urin∣ous Odour pierc'd his Nose. [I am apt to think that this Odour came not from the Alcalisate Salt, as the Author seems to be∣lieve, but from the Oyl of Harts-horn,
Page 24
which without doubt contains an Urinous Salt in it. And if it contain an Acid also, as the Author thinks it does, the Incalescence might proceed from some conflict betwixt this & the Alcalisate Salt, which being united to∣gether, the Urinous Salt was perhas there∣by set at liberty from the Acid that for∣merly detain'd it.] The like Odour is ob∣servable in the Salt produc'd by frequent abstraction of Spirit of Wine from Salt of Tartar: Where the Author observes that some, after they have several times pour'd Spirit of Wine upon warm Salt of Tartar and abstracted it again, do last of all pour on Oyl of Vitriol, and then obtain the Volatile Salt by the addition of fresh Salt of Tartar. Which Experiment, tho' the Author has not try'd, yet he judges it may succeed; since the Terestrial parts of the Salt of Tartar may be separated by the Oyl of Vitriol, and the Alcaline parts, be∣ing united with this Acid, may be set at liberty by the addition of new Salt of Tartar.
Here the Author takes occasion to dis∣course of the Vertues of Salt of Tartar Volatilis'd, and affirms that it has no pe∣culiar Effects, (neither in the Curing of Diseases, nor in the Dissolution of Bodies,) but what other Urinous Salts do likewise
Page 25
produce. But yet he acknowledges a Specifick Difference between them, upon the account of the Seed in the Acid of Tar∣tar, which differs from the Seeds of other Acids: and in this respect other Urinous Salts do also differ from one another; since the renowned Boyl has observ'd, that the Volatil Salt of Harts-horn resembles a Paral∣lelopiped, but that of Human Blood, digested with Spirit of Wine, is like a Rhombus. This diversity of Figure is owing to the different Seeds or Idea's, as residing in the Acids, that are the causes of the Solidity and Coagulation of these Salt: Wherefore the Fixt Salt of Tartar Cristallis'd does also resemble a Rhombus, because the Se∣minal Acid of this Salt, is of the same kind with that of the Spirit of Wine, which being stronger than the Seminal Acid of the foremention'd Volatile Salt of Blood, this Salt is Coagulated according to the Idea of the Vinous Acid: even as, when Spirit of Nitre is pour'd upon Salt of Tar∣tar, the Acid of the former being the more powerfull, forms the Crystals of an Ob∣long figure like Nitre, but not like Salt of Tartar, which resembles a Rhombus. The Author concludes, that this Seminal difference of Volatile Alcalies is of little moment in Medicine, since all Alcalies,
Page 26
even the purest, are endow'd with so much of a Seminal Acid, as does indeed pre∣serve them from a Spontaneous resolution, into Elementary Water, but yet hinders them not from being in a capacity to im∣bibe this or that Hostile Morbisic Acid indifferently. The same thing is to be said of the fixt Alcalisate Salts of Vege∣tables, for the Seminal Vertues are lost in the Calcination, and there remains only so much of a seminal Acid, as keeps them from relapsing into Elementary Water, and does indeed cause them to differ speci∣fically from one another, but not to pro∣duce different Effects in Medicine.
From all the foremention'd Particulars, concerning the Volatilising of Fixt Salts, our Author concludes, that there can ne∣ver be any Method found out to effect it, but by separating the Terrestrial Par∣ticles. As for Zwelfers Volatile Salt of Tartar, prepar'd by often reiterated So∣lutions (per deliquium) and Abstractions, he affirms that 'tis nothing else but useless Elementary Water; as will manifestly ap∣pear to him that considers, that Alcalisate Salts are fundamentally nothing else but A∣queous Particles, converted by a little Seminal Acid into rigid Salts, which, as soon as the Acid is destroy'd, turn again into Water:
Page 27
wherefore the more violent the Calcinati∣on is, and by consequence the greater your loss is of this seminal Acid, they are the more easily resolv'd per deliquium in moist Air, which by it's vertue, as a Menstruum, does in great part consume the little Acid that remains and thereby resolve a great part of the Alcalisate Salt into Elementary Water, wherein the other Particles, not yet depriv'd of their Seed, do swim, (for when Salts approach to the nature of Water, they are readily dissolv'd in it;) but if the Water be abstracted from them, and they expos'd to the Air again, their remaining Acid is destroy'd, and they resolv'd into Water in great part: and if they run per deliquium and be abstracted often enough, all the Seminal Acid will be at length destroy'd, and nothing remain but bare Elementary Water, which will all of it easily ascend. And by this means any Fixt Alcalisate Salt may be totally re∣duc'd into Elementary Water.
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Sect. XI.
THE Volatile Salts of Veget∣ables, since they are the Matter of which (Colliquated with the Acid and Terrestrial Particles) the Alcalisate Salts consist; And the Volatile Salts of Animals, since (as the Author has prov'd) they differ not essentially from those of Vegetables; are both of them ultimately reducible into Elemen∣tary Water.
Sect. XII.
ACID Salts, made fluid by the force of Fire, and drawn off from fixt Alcalies, may be thereby so rob'd of their Acid, that nothing will ascend but Elementary Water. And the Alcalisate Salt, that has imbib'd the Acid, being frequently resolv'd per deliquium and the Phlegmatic part as frequently abstract∣ed, may by this means be at length to∣tally converted into pure Elementary Water.
Thus the Author having particular¦ly examin'd the pretended Chymical principles, and found them all ultimately reducible into Elementary Water; Con∣cludes that
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Sect. XIII.
ALL Mixt Bodies are made up of Water, as the only first Material Principle and Seeds (which differ according to the differing species of Bodies) as the Formal Principle, united together by means of Acid Ferments: That is to say, Water is Coagulated into a Plant, by the Ferment of a Vegetable Seed; into a Metal, Stone, &c. by that of a Mineral Seed; and into Flesh, Bones, &c. by the Fer∣ment of an Animal Seed. For in all Mixt Bodies there are certain Acid Particles, wherein the Seeds or Ideas of Natural things do reside, and which, in Coagulating the approximated Aliment, do follow the draught of these Ideas, and so are thereby de∣termin'd to give it the form of this or the other Vegetable Mineral, or Animal. Thus in a Mans Stomach, for example, there lurks a certain Acid, that discovers it self by the sour belches of healthy men, and by the Vomiting of Coagulated Milk, tho' it were taken fluid. This Acid easily re∣ceives the Alcalical Particles of the Meat extracted by (the Alcalical Menstruum) the Spittle, and imprints the Idea of its own Seed upon them, by which they are determin'd to nourish Man only, and no other Animal; as afterwards, when they
Page 30
come to every particular Part of the Body, by the Circulation of the Blood, they are determin'd by the seminal Acid residing in that Part, to nourish it rather than any of the rest. And that Aliment, which has once receiv'd the Seal or Impression of the seminal Idea of any Animal in the Stomach, or of any part of the Animal in that same Part; will never receive the Idea of ano∣ther Animal, nor of another Part of the same Animal, unless it be suppress'd by a more powerfull Ferment; as when Sheeps Bones, tho' furnish'd with their own pro∣per Ferment and Idea yet, being unable to resist the stronger one of a Dogs stomach, are therein turn'd into fit nourishment for the Dog, and afterwards for his Musculous Flesh it self and other Parts, as well as for his Bones. In like manner Grass has its own Ferment and Idea suppress'd by that of a Cows stomach, which seals it with such an Impression, as renders it fit Nourishment for a Cow, but not for any other Animal. But if the same Grass had been taken into the stomach of a Horse, it would have been turn'd into Nourishment fit for a Horse, but unfit for a Cow or any other Animal. Again common Mercury, which is the Nourishment of Metals, is converted into this or the other Metal,
Page 31
according to the diversity of the Acid seminal Sulphur that Coagulates it. Finally all Vegetables also are endow'd with a seminal Acid, and therefore their ex∣press'd Juices do, after long Fermentation, tast Acid. And in the Fermentation of Cream of Tartar with Salt of Tartar, the Seed, Idea or Archeus, that reside in the Acid of the Tartar, forms certain Bubbles very much resembling natural Grapes.
All this will be better understood here∣after, from the Authors particular expi∣cation of the nature of the foremention'd Seeds, Ideas and Ferments: But now, to put it past all doubt, that Water is the only Material Principle of all Mixt Bodies, the Author has not only prov'd that all Substance's that Mixt Bodies can be resolv'd into by the Chymical Art, are totally reducible into Elementary Water; but likewise he proves particularly, that
Prop. XIV.
Water is the only and Catholic Nourishment of all Vegetables, Animals, and Minerals.
AND 'Tis manifest that every Body consists of the same Matter that nourishes. 1. As for Vegetables, Helmonts Experiment proves this beyond contra∣diction; namely, he put 200 pound of
Page 32
Earth (dry'd in an oven) into an earthen vessel, moisten'd it with Rain-water, plant∣ed it in the trunk of a Willow Tree weighing 5 pound, and let it alone there for 5 years time, only watering it, as need requir'd, with Rain-water or distill'd Water. [And to keep the neighbouring Earth from gett∣ing in, he imploy'd a plate of Iron tin'd over and perforated with many holes.] At the 5 years end he found the Tree had grown so well, that it weighed 169 pound and three ounces: And yet the Earth, being dry'd again, weigh'd but two ounces less than it had done at first: so that above 160 pound of Wood, Bark, Root, &c. had grown up out of mere Water, Coagulated by the Seminal Fer∣ment of the Vegetable into the severall Substances newly mention'd. Hence Rain does wonderfully refresh, envigorate and advance the growth of, all sorts of Plants, and without that they decay, wither and dye. For Water is indifferent to them all, till it be turn'd by the Ferment of the Vegetable Seed into Leffas, as Hel∣mont calls the Juice that is the immediate Aliment of the Plant. Thus Wolf-bane Aconitum and Lavender, for instance, growing in the same Soyl, are both nourish'd by the same Rain-water, which
Page 33
by the Ferment of the one is Coagulated into a poysonous Herb, and by that of the other into a wholsome one.
Secondly, That Animals are nourish'd with Water alone, appears in Fishes; for they live only in the Water, and yet have no food supply'd them from any where else, nor is there any Rudiment of it to be found in their Stomachs, as Helmont ob∣serves. [And tho' some Fishes feed up∣on others, yet these others feed only up∣on Water, and therefore are materially nothing else but Water.] As for Terrestri∣al Animals; some of them, as Horses, Cows, Sheep, &c. feed wholly upon Water and Grass, which the Author has already prov'd to be materially nothing else but Water, and therefore that which grows in well water'd places, prospers best, others, as a Lyon, Wolf, &c. tho' they be not nourish'd by Grass and Water only, but feed upon other Animals, yet still their food is materially nothing else but Water, being that these Animals live only upon Grass and Water, except when they are too young to digest Grass, that they are nourish'd by their Mothers Milk, which also is materially nothing else but Water, since it is generated of the Mothers nutriment. [The same things are easily
Page 34
applicable to Birds;] and to Men, which feed only upon Vegetables, Fishes, and the Flesh of Beasts that are nourish'd on∣ly by Vegetables.
Thirdly, As for Minerals; Mercury is the immediate Aliment of Metals, and some other Minerals, and the nearest Matter of which they are produc'd. Now Mercu∣ry is nothing but Elementary Water, Coagu∣lated by a certain Metalline and Arsenical Sulphur into such a Water as does not wet the Hands: and by other various Sulphurs 'tis further Coagulated into Antimony and divers Metals. Hence Mines are never found but where there is a great conflux of Water. Gold is gather'd out of the Sands of some Rivers. Sand abounds no where so much as near the Sea and great Rivers. Stones are nothing else but sand compacted to∣gether. [And the illustrious Mr. Boyle has fully prov'd in a most ingenious as well as judicious Discourse about the Origine and virtues of Gems, that many Gems and Medical Stones were once fluid Bodies. But 'twere too long, here to give an account of the many cogent Arguments he there imploys to prove this Assertion, which very much countenances our Authors Hy∣pothesis.] The experienc'd Helmont informs us, that it often happens in Mines when
Page 35
the Workmen are breaking the Rocks, that the Wall cleaves, and a little water of a whitish green Colour flows out of the cleft, & presently thickens like liquid Soap; afterwards it growes yellow or white or of a deeper green. This Juice he calls Bur, and affirms it to be the nearest Matter of all Minerals, and to be nothing else but Water Coagulated by a Mineral Ferment, as Leffas is by a Vegetable.
To make it yet more evident, that Water is the only first Material Principle of Natural Bodies; the Author undertakes to prove that
Prop. XV.
All Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals are ultimately resoluble into Ele∣mentary Water.
[FIRST the substances that Animals are resolv'd into by Distillation, are Phlegm, Volatile Salt, Urinous Spirit, Oyl, and Earth or Caput mortuum, but very little if any Fixt Salt. The Phlegm is nothing else but Elementary Water, except in as far as it partakes of the Vola∣tile Salt and Oyl, of which it always carries up some Particles, nor can it ever be perfectly separated from them.] 2. The Volatile Salt of Animals is of the same na∣ture with that of Vegetables, which be∣ing
Page 36
Colliquated by the force of the Fire with Acid and Earthy Particles, is there∣by turn'd into a Fixt Salt. And this fixt Salt being frequently deliquated, and the Phlegm as often abstracted, is at length totally resolv'd into Elementary Water. All this was abundantly prov'd before; as also that 3. The Spirit is nothing else but Volatile Salt dissolv'd in Phlegm. 4. The Oyly and Fat parts of Animals may be united with an Alcalisate Salt into Soap, from which being often abstracted, they turn at length into meer Elementary Water. And this is to be ob∣serv'd of all the Fats of Animals, that by frequent Circulation with Salt of Tartar they are converted into Water. 5. [As for the Fixt Salt of Animal Substances, 'tis the common Opinion that none can be ab∣stracted from them; perhaps because all their Saline Parts are so Volatile, that (to speak consonantly to our Authors Hypothesis) they cannot sustain a Colli∣quation with the Earthy Parts, especial∣ly since there are very few, if any, mani∣festly Acid ones to concur to their Fixation. But that indefatigable Searcher into Na∣ture, Mr. Boyle, informs us, that by an obstinate Calcination of eight ounces and a half of Caput mortuum of Human Blood,
Page 37
he obtain'd above seven drams of Salt, which, tho it were not truly Lixivial, but rather of the nature of Sea-salt, yet it was Fixt enough to endure a Calcination for two days together, without flying away. However, 'tis probable, that this was nothing else but some unalter'd part of the Sea-salt that season'd the Aliments, that the person or persons whose the Blood was fed upon.] 6. The Earth also may be totally resolv'd into Elementa∣ry Water, by being depriv'd of its semi∣nal vertue by means of the Alcahest, if we may believe Van Helmont.
Hence tis that dead Animals, when they putrify, are resolv'd into an Aque∣ous Substance. And Helmont has deliver'd a notable Experiment to this purpose, namely, that if you dig up a Frog at full Moon, in the coldest time of Winter, (atrocissimo hyemis borea) wash it, and tye it to a stick in the Fields, the next morn∣ing 'twill be turnd into a white and trans∣parent Mucilage, not unlike to liquifi'd Gum Tragacanth, but retaining the figure of a Frog. Yea he affirms that the Cada∣ver of a Man or Beast, exposd all night to the Rayes of the Moon, will in the Morning be almost fluid with rottenness, (putrilagine diffluet:) so great power
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has the Moon to reduce dead Bodies into an Aqueous Mucilage.
[Secondly, Vegetable Substances Chymi∣cally analys'd, yield Phlegm, Volatile Salt, Spirit of several sorts, Oyl, Fixt Salt, and Earth. To the first, second, fourth and sixth may be apply'd what was said of the Phlegm, Volatile Salt, Oyl, and Earth of Animal Substances. The Fixt Salt may be totally resolv'd into Ele∣mentary Water, by reiterated Solutions in the Air, and Abstractions, as above. There are 4. sorts of Spirits afforded by Vegetable Substances. 1. Vinous inflam∣able Spirits, which were formerly prov'd to be nothing but Oyls dissolv'd in Phlegm by Fermentation: as also that 2. Volatile Saline Spirits, as Spirit of Soot, Spirit of Beans (that have been kept in a dry place for some Months) &c. are no∣thing but Volatile Salts dissolv'd into Phlegm. And that 3. Acid Spirits, as Spirit of Vinegar, Spirit of Beans newly gather'd, &c. Are nothing but Acid Salts in a fluid state and united with Phlegm: and being pour'd upon Fixt Salts, they are together with them ultimately reso∣luble into Elementary Water. 4. Adi∣aphorous Spirits of Box, Guaiacum &c. Which the judicious Mr. Boyle, who was
Page 39
the first Observer of them, suspects to be generated of the finer parts of the Oyl of the Wood, reduc'd to an extraordi∣nary smallness, and by that means exqui∣sitely mix'd with the Plegm the juice of Grapes affords: all these 4 sorts of Spirits, as Mr. Boyle has observ'd in his excellent Discourse concerning the Producibleness of the Chymical Principles.
Thirdly, As for Minerals; We must rely upon the testimony of Van Helmont, whom Mr. Boyle concludes to be a vera∣cious Author, (except in that extravagant Treatise of the Magnetical Cure of Wounds,) from the success he has had in trying some of his Experiments, that might seem not the most likely to succeed: [and I think we may justly lay great weight upon the judgement of so experiencd and judici∣ous a person as Mr. Boyle, concerning the sincerity of any Chymical Author.] Helmont then in several places informs us, that all Stones, Gems, Marcasites, Metals &c. may be transmuted into an aequiponde∣rant Salt, and this into Insipid Water. And as for Metals, it seems indeed that com∣mon Mercury is their nearest Matter, in∣to which they may be resolv'd by the separation of their Coagulating Salts: and the famous Langelot has made an Experi∣ment of this in the Regulus of Antimony.
Page 40
Now if the other Metals also may be re∣solv'd into Mercury by depriving them of their Sulphurs, and the Mercury it self be reducible into Water, (by robbing it of the Sulphurs yet remaining in it,) as Mr. Boyle somewhere affirms, it may in great part, and as several other Authors of good credit attest; then it can no more be doubted, that all Minerals are re∣ducible into Water.
[It will not be unseasonable in this place to mention a few Experiments, deliver'd in Mr. Boyles Septical Chymist, that do very much countenance the three last Propositions. That excellent Author then informs us, that about the middle of May he caus'd his Gardiner, to dig out some good Earth, dry it well in an Oven, weigh it, put it in a very shallow Earthen Pot, and set in it a Seed of Squash (a sort of Indian Pompion that grows apace) which he water'd only with Rain or spring Water. And tho the hastning Winter hinder'd it from attaining any thing near its wonted magnitude, yet be∣ing taken up about the middle of Octo∣ber, the Pompion together with the Stalk and Leaves weighed three pound wanting a quarter. And yet the Earth, being very well dry'd in an Oven, was found to have lost little or nothing of its
Page 41
first weight. He try'd the like Experi∣ment with two Cucumbers, which being taken out of the Earth wherein they had grown, weighed (together with the Roots and Branches) fourteen pound and six ounces; and yet the Earth had lost but a pound and a half of its first weight, which the Gardiner judg'd to have been in great part wasted in the ordering. But granting that some of the Earth, or ra∣ther of the dissoluble Salt harbour'd in it, was wasted in the nourishment of the Plant; yet 'tis plain, that the main Body of it consisted of trasmuted Water. This Experiment may be try'd with the Seeds of any Plant that is bulky and grows hasti∣ly. Likewise A top of Spearmint of an inch long, being put into a vial full of Spring-water with its lower part immers'd, did in a few days shoot forth numerous Roots into the Water, (as if it had been Earth,) and display it self upwards into many Leaves, with a pretty thick stalk. The same Experiment has also succeeded with Marjoram (tho' more slowly) Balm, and Peniroyal, to name no more. One of these Vegetables cherish'd only by Spring-water, and that never renew'd, afforded by di∣stillation (besides Phlegm) an Empyreu∣matical Spirit, an adust Oyl, and a Caput
Page 42
mortuum, that appearing to be a Coal, consisted no doubt of Salt and Earth. And if Helmont had distill'd the forementi∣on'd Tree, no doubt it would have afford∣ed him the like distinct Substances as ano∣ther of the same kind. But a more con∣siderable Instance (to prove that all sorts of Bodies are nothing else but Water subdu'd by Seeds) than any yet mention'd, is afforded us by Mr. de Rochas, who tells us, that he took simple Water, that he well knew to be mix'd with no other thing but the Spirit of Life, and having with a heat Artificial, Continual, and Proportio∣nate, prepar'd it by the Graduations of Coagulation, Congelation, and Fixation, which he had spoken of before, untill it was turn'd into Earth; this Earth produc'd Animals that mov'd of themselves, Vege∣tables and Minerals. The Animals he found, by a Chymical Anatomy he made of them, to be compos'd of much Sulphur, little Mercury, and less Salt; and the Minerals (which were solid and heavy, and began to grow, by converting into their own Nature one part of the Earth thereunto dispos'd) of much Salt, little Sulphur, and less Mercury. And tho the judicious Mr. Boyle has some suspitions of this strange Relation, yet as to the Ge∣neration
Page 43
of Animals and Plants, he thinks it not incredible, since common Water (which is indeed often impreg∣nated with variety of Seminal Principles and Rudiments) long kept will putrify and stink, and then perhaps too produce Moss and little Worms, or other In∣sects, according to the Nature of the Seeds that were lurking in it. And tho' the Distillation of Eels yielded him some Oyl, Spirit, Volatile Salt, and Caput mortu∣um, yet were all these so disproportionate to the Phlegm (in which at first they boyl'd as in a pot of Water) that they seem'd to have been nothing but Co∣agulated Phlegm; which does likewise strangely abound in Vipers, as hot in their operation and as vivacious as they are.
And seven ounces and a half of Human Blood yielded near six ounces of Phlegm, be∣fore any of the Spirits began to arise, and require the Receiver to be chang'd. Corrosive Acid Spirits, tho they seem to be nothing but Fluid Salts, yet you'l find them to abound with Water, if either you entangle, and so six their Saline part by making them corrode some idoneous Bo∣dy, or mortify it with a contrary Salt. Thus in making of Balsamus Samech with
Page 44
distill'd Vinegar instead of Spirit of Wine, the Salt of Tartar from which it is distilld, will, by mortifying and retaining the Acid Salt, turn near twenty times its weight of the Vinegar into worthless Phlegm, before it be satiated. And in making the true Balsamus Samech (which is nothing but Salt of Tartar dulcifi'd, by distilling from it Spirit of Wine till it be glutted with the Vinous Sulphur,) as soon as the Spirit of Wine is depriv'd of its Sulphur by the Salt of Tartar, the rest (which is incomparably the greater part) remigrates into Phlegm: so that if Hel∣monts process be true (which was con∣firmed to Mr. Boyle by a sober and skil∣full Spagyrist, who did indeed prepare the Spirit and Salt by a way that is nei∣ther short nor easie, but added nothing to them) Spirit of Wine seems to be Ma∣terially nothing but Water under a Sulphure∣ous disguise, tho' being so igneous that it will totally flame away, 'tis of all Liquors the most likely to be free from Water. But Helmont's grand Argument for his Hypothesis, is taken from the operation of the Alcahest; which, he says, does ade∣quately resolve Plants, Animals, and Minerals into one Liquor or more, ac∣cording to their several internal Dispara∣ties
Page 45
of Parts, (without Caput mortuum or the destruction of their seminal vertues;) and that the Alcahest being abstracted from these Liquors in the same weight and vertue wherewith it dissolv'd them, they may by frequent Cohobations from Chalk or some other fit substance, be totally depriv'd of their seminal En∣dowments, and by that means reduc'd to Insipid Water. Here Mr. Boyle ju∣diciously observes, that it may be doubt∣ed whether this Water, because insipid, must be Elementary; since the candid P. Laurembergius affirms that he saw an insipid Menstruum, that was a power∣full Dissolvent: and the Water which may be drawn from Quicksilver with∣out addition, tho' almost tastless, will manifest a very differing nature from simple Water, if you digest in it appro∣priated Minerals. However the forementi∣ond Experiments concerning the growth of Vegetables, do sufficiently prove that Salt, Spirit, Earth, and Oyl (which are four of the pretended Chymical Principles) may be produc'd out of simple Water. But to return to our Author.]
Having prov'd, That Water is the only Material Principle of Bodies usually calld Mixt, by three Arguments. 1. Because
Page 46
none of the other pretended Chymical Principles have a right to that Title; some of them not being naturally pre-existent in the Bodies from which they are ob∣tain'd; and all of them being reducible to Elementary Water. 2. Because Water is the only Nourishment of all Animals, Plants, and Minerals; and by consequence the only Matter of which they consist. Because all Animals, Plants, and Minerals are by a true Analysis ultimately reducible to simple insipid Water. Having evinc'd this, I say, by these three newly menti∣on'd Arguments; and Fire being the on∣ly Sublunary Body (besides Air, of which heareafter) that these Arguments, as hitherto prosecuted, can with any colour of reason be pretended not to reach; and being likewise by many enumerated a∣mongst the Principles of Natural Bodies; the next Proposition shall be, that
Page 47
Prop. XVI.
Fire is nothing but an Acid Volatile Sulphur very swiftly mov'd.
FOR there is a certain Sulphur in e∣very Inflamable Body, which takes fire as soon as 'tis put into a rapid moti∣on, whatsoever the Cause be that excites it to that motion. This appears in the striking of fire by the collision of two Flints; in the firing of the Axel-tree of a Mill or Coach, that sometimes happens upon a long continued and vehement attrition; and in many other such obvi∣ous Instances. Oyl of Vitriol contains a great many Acid Sulphureous Particles, proceeding as well from the Embryonat∣ed Acid, that Corroded the Iron or Cop∣per Oar in the Bowels of the Earth, as from the Iron or Copper it self: these Particles, being excited to motion by the affusion of Oyl of Tartar (or even genuine Spirit of Tartar) produce a notable heat and Effervescency. The Sulphur of Quick-lime (whether it be innate, or adventitious from the fire) conceives a vehement Heat, as soon as 'tis excited to motion, by the Alcaline Lixivial Particles set at liberty by the affusion of Water. Finally (to add no
Page 48
more) Butter of Antimony consists chief∣ly of the Sulphureous Particles of the Anti∣mony, and the Salino-Acid ones of the Mercury Sublimate: the latter being wash'd off with Water, the former do more manifestly appear, (namely in Mercurius vitae, which causes Vomiting without any danger of Corroding the Bowels:) and both of them being vehe∣mently mov'd by the affusion of Spirit of Nitre, there is an intense heat pro∣duc'd.
So that the Formal nature of Fire or Heat consists in Motion. Now that the Sulphureous Particles of which Fire is material∣ly constituted, are of an Acid nature, will abundantly appear from the ensuing Considerations.
I. The particles of the Flame of com∣mon Sulphur, being receiv'd and Condens'd in a Glass Bell, do compose a very pier∣cing Acid Liquor.
II. There are not any Bodies more akin to Fire, than the totally inflamable Spirits of fermented Vegetables. And yet all the Principal Effects of these Fermented Spirits, depend upon a Volatile Acid. For 'Tis upon the account of its Acid Salt, that Spirit of Wine is Coagulated in Spirit of Urine or Salarmoniac, or in any other
Page 49
Volatile Alcali, as also, that it loses its strength by distillation from Salt of Tar∣tar, which imbibes and retains the Acid, and receives an increase of weight there∣by. And Generous Wine, that is turgent with this Spirit, being drunk mode∣rately, sends a Volatile Acid to the Brain, that makes a subtile effervescence with the (Alcaline) Animal Spirits, and thereby produces Cheerfulness and a Vigorous Promptitude to Action; (as on the contrary, the Sadness of Melancholy per∣sons proceeds from the Fixation of the Animal Spirits by a more Fixt Acid.) But upon excessive Drinking, that Volatile Acid ascends too copiously to the Brain, conquers and fixes the Animal Spirits, and so stupefies the Organs of Sense and Motion: yea sometimes it may Suppress the Vital Acid (or Innate Heat) of the Blood, and at length totally Coagulate it; especially if the Wine be endow'd with a strong Acid, as the French, and chiefly the Hungarian Wines are wont to be. And indeed, that the Inebriating vertue of Wine (and all other strong Drinks) is entirely owing to a Volatile Acid, may be prov'd by many Arguments. 1. Hence 'tis, that Volatile Alcaline Salts do prevent Drunkenness, especially Spirit of Salt-Ar∣moniack,
Page 50
if some drops of it be now and then mingled with the Drink. 2. Bitter Almonds and other Oleous things, do likewise prevent Drunkenness, by weakning and suppressing the vaporous Acid of the Wine, so that it cannot reach the Brain. 3. The same Acid inflames Drunkards Faces, and adorns them with purulent Pimples, like so many Gems. For the whitish colour'd Matter, contain'd in these Pimples, pro∣ceeds only from the Volatile Acid of the Wine that infects the ferment of the Muscles of the Face, coagulates and pre∣cipitates the Blood that comes thither for Nutrition, and so changes its Purple Colour into a whitish one. For proof of this Assertion, 'tis to be noted, that the Purple Colour of the Blood proceeds from the resolution of the Sulphurous Acid Parts by the ferment of the Heart, which sets them at liberty, so as that they may mix per minima, and make a subtile efferves∣cence with the Alcaline Spirits: as when Spirit of Salt-Armoniack or of Harts-horn, or any other that is Alcalical, is digested with Spirit of Wine, they produce to∣gether a very red Tincture, because the Acid Sulphur of the Wine, being by Di∣gestion intimately mix'd, and making a subtile effervesence with the subtil Alcaly, 〈1+ pages missing〉
Page 51
is at length so resolv'd as to manifest it self by tinging the whole Liquor: after the same manner, in the Tincture of the Salt of Tartar, the Spirit of Wine is ting'd by the Volatilis'd Alcaly of Tartar: and common Sulphur boyl'd in the Lixivium of any Fixt Salt, is thereby exalted to a Red Colour; but because the Alcaline Salt is so ty'd to the Terrestrial Particles, that it cannot penetrate the Sulphur per minima, therefore the Colour is obscure and dark. Now, if you pour another Acid Liquor upon these Sanguine Tinct∣ures, immediately they become of a Milk-white Colour. Just so it happens, when the Blood is extravasated, and putrefi'd in any Part of the Body, the Acidity, that arises from this Putrefaction, Precipitates the Sulphur that ting'd the Blood, and thereby turns it into white stinking Pus; e∣ven as common Sulphur, when it is Precipi∣tated out of any Lixivium by the affusion of Vinegar, strikes the Nose with an un∣gratefull Odour, tho it was utterly in∣odorous before: so that Pus is nothing but Blood, whose vital Alcaline Balsa∣mical Spirits are suppres'd by an hostile Acid, and the tinging Sulphureous Par∣ticles Precipitated in Wounds & Abscesses, while the Pus is a making, the motion of
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the Acid Particles do often produce a Symptomical Feaver, an Inflammation in the Part affected, Convulsive Motions in the Brain, and Pains in the Nervous Parts: but these Symptoms abate as soon as the Pus is made, and the motion of the Par∣ticles ceas'd. 4. Amongst the External Medicins, that are wont to be apply'd to the foremention'd Pimples in the Face, the Preparations of Saturn are the chief; because they imbibe the Acid of the Wine, or other Inebriating Liquor, that inflames the Face. For Saturn readily receives all sorts of Acids or Sulphurs, even those of Metals, as is well known to the Refiners. Thus the unripe Sulphurs of Metals, Co∣agulated in Saturn, do compose Litharge. Vinegar, Coagulated in Saturn, produces Sugar of Lead. And all Acids in general, Coagulated in Saturn, Mars, or any other Body whatsoever, are wont to be dulcifi'd thereby. For all Sugars are nothing but Acid Salts Coagulated in other Particles: whence 'tis, that they are resolv'd by Distillation into a very Ardent and power∣fully Inebriating Spirit; and are extream sit to promote or even begin Fermentations: and therefore 'tis, that the Syrups of the shops have a manifestly Acid Tast; and Sugar is very hurtful to Scorbutical persons,
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because upon the account of its Acidity it excites divers vitious Effervescencies, produces Tumors of the Bowels &c. And vitiates the Vital Ferment of the Stomach.
III. That the Particles of Fire are of an Acid Nature, may evidently ap∣pear from all other Inflameable Substances, especially those that are Oyly and Fat, as well as from common Sulphur and Spirit of Wine.
For in the first place, 'tis certain, that Oleous and Fat Bodies are really endow'd with an Acid; as appears from the follow∣ing Reasons. 1. Chirurgions observe, that Oyls, and fat Substances, are very noxious to the Bones, (especially the Skull, which is a Porous Bone) and particular∣ly, that they are apt to make them Carious; which must happen upon the ac∣count of their Corroding Acid. And for the same reason, they render Ʋlcers sordid, by increasing the Corroding Acid. 2. What else is that Greenness, that ad∣heres to Lamps, but the Acid of the Oyl-Olive Coagulated in the Particles of the Metal, that it has Corroded? whence comes the Blew Colour of Oyl of Camo∣mil distill'd in Copper Vessels, but from some Particles of the Veins Corroded by
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the Acidity of the Oyle? 3. The Heart∣burn (Ardor Ventriculi) is often occasion'd by Fat things, (especially if you drink after them, because the Acid Salts are thereby dissolv'd and put into a swifter motion) as well as by austere and sourish Wines: and the Remedy, in both Cases, is, to use things fitted to Precipitate the Acid. 4. Oleous and Fat things are hurtful in Erysipelatous Distempers, (which pro∣ceed from the Coagulation of the Blood by an Acid,) because they increase the Peccant Acidity, whence the Putrefaction is increas'd, the Bones are corroded, and the Natural Heat of the Part is at last totally suppress'd, and mortify'd. (Yet the Author denyes not, but these Effects do also partly depend upon the Obstructi∣on of the Pores of the Part, by the fore∣said Fat substances, so that the Effluvia, wont to transpire through the Pores, being detain'd in the Body, and inordinately mov'd, do increase the Feaver.) 5. 'Tis likewise upon the account of their Aci∣dity, that Oyls are hurtful to all In∣flammations, without such a Preparation as consumes or corrects their Acid. Thus Lin-seed Oyle mingl'd with an equal weight of Spirit of Wine, and boyl'd (with continual stirring) till the Spirit
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be consum'd, is us'd safely and successful∣ly, both inwardly and outwardly, in Pleurisies, Peripneumonies, Inflammations of the Liver &c. because the Coagulating Acid is readily imbib'd by this Oyl, that has been depriv'd of its own Acid by the Spirit of Wine, which, being a much more Volatile Oleous Body than the Oyle of Lin-seed, evaporates before it, and carryes its Acid along with it; even as the same Spirit, being mingl'd with Aqua fortis and distill'd in a Cucurbit, ascends before it, and carrys a great part of its Acidity a∣long with it, insomuch that the remain∣ing Aqua fortis becomes a very safe In∣ternal Medicine, tho' before, the smell of it only would cause an Atrophia in the whole Body. The same Oyl of Lin-seed is also Corrected, by frequently ex∣tinguishing red hot Steel in it, till it ap∣pear by the ceasing of the hissing & smoke, that the Acid Particles are either Evapo∣rated in smoke and spent by Deflagration, or Coagulated in the Mars. And if after this it be Distill'd from Quick-lime, that if any Acidity yet remains, it may be therein Coagulated, the Oyl of Lin-seed becomes an excellent Remedy for Inflammati∣ons, Burns and the like: as Oyl-Olive also does, by Distillation from Quick-lime.
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And this last nam'd Oyl, being imbib'd in old Tyles or Bricks (which are de∣priv'd of all moisture by their having been long expos'd to the heat of the Sun) heated red hot, and quench'd in it, and then distill'd in a Retort, is thereby robb'd of all its Acidity, and acquires a singu∣lar Vertue in the Palsey, Gout, Cramp &c. And all Oyls are wholsomer boyl'd than crude, because a great part of the Acid is exhal'd in the boyling. 6. Helmont teaches that Distill'd Chymical Oyls, which are otherwise very hot, may by an arti∣ficial Circulation for three Months time with an Alcali Salt be turn'd into a very temperate Volatile Salt: namely because the hot Acid of the Oyl is Saturated by the Alcali, and by that means reduc'd temperate. Nor can there be any other Reason given, why the Alcaly should have this effect upon the Oyl, but that the Acid of the Oyl corrodes the Alcaly and is Coagulated in it.
Now in the next place, That the Heat and Inflammability of Oyly Substances de∣pend upon the Acid, that the Experiments, newly deliver'd, prove to be contain'd in them, may be evinc'd from those same Ex∣periments; most of which do not only prove, that Oleous and Fat Bodies are en∣dow'd
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with an Acid, but likewise, that the effects usually ascrib'd to the hot Quality of these Bodies, do indeed de∣pend upon this Acid; and that whatso∣ever mitigates or destroys this Acid, does at the same time weaken or destroy their Heating Power. And 2. that this may also be truly apply'd to their Inflammability, and that the Acid Particles contain'd in Oyly and Fat Substances are really the Matter of which the Flame of these Sub∣stances (when they are burning) consists, does plainly appear by the Abstraction of Oyls from Spirit of Wine, Quick-lime, or Bricks; for, being by this means depriv'd of their Acid, they become less Inflammable than the crude Oyles were. And Candles made of Sheeps Tallow, burn sooner a∣way than those made of any other Tallow, because there is greater store of Acid Particles in it; as appears by the Griping of the Guts, which cannot happen without a Corroding Acid, (for all the Medicines, effectual against this Distem∣per testify that to be the Cause of it) and which is very often occasion'd by eating Fat Mutton, especially if the Acid Salts be dissolv'd by drinking after it, in like manner as when Salt Butter is sweetned by melting it, and pouring it into water,
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and thereby dissolving the Salt. Like∣wise recent Fat, or Oyl burns sooner a∣way, than that which has been long kept, and thereby lost much of its Volatile Acid. N.B. Since Tallow, as well as every other Body, is materially nothing else but water Coagulated by a seminal Acid, and since 'tis only the Acid Particles that feed the Flame; it follows, that when they are consum'd, he remainder, being robb'd of, the Coagulating, Acid must return into Elementary Water, and therefore 'tis in∣sensibly dissipated like a Vapour: even as the water of Spirit of Wine kindled vanishes into a Vapour.
IV. The Particles of Fire being fix'd or Coagulated in any Body whatsoever, do plainly manifest themselves to be Acid, as appears from the following Instances. 1. Fire Coagulated in Mars, turns it into a Crocus, that differs nothing from Rust, (which proceeds always from an Acid) and is every way like to that Crocus which is prepar'd with Acids, and endow'd with the same Medicinal Vertues. V. Tachen. Hipp. Chym. cap. 28. 2. Fire Coagulated in Saturn is separated by means of a Fixt Al∣caly, or even of Venetian Borax; for Mini∣um (which receiv'd its red Colour from the Sulphur of the Coals, even as the Sul∣phur
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of Antimony Coagulated in Mercury, turns it [into Cinnabar] of an exceed∣ing high red, is by the help of these Salts reduc'd to crude Lead. N. B. According to Tachenius's Computation, 100 pound of Lead retains in Calcination ten pound of Fire. 3. All the Remedies for Burns are such as are capable to imbibe, saturate, or suppress the Igneous Acid; for instance, Sugar of Saturn, Ceruss, Litharge, Oyls de∣priv'd of their Acidity, Lixiviums, &c. And unwashen Threed mitigates Erysipelatous Inflammations, because of the Alcaly of the Spittle.
V. And lastly, The Acidity of the Par∣ticles of Fire appears from its efficacy in Chirurgery, and particularly in exstirpa∣ting ill condition'd Ulcers. For the cause of Ʋlcers being a Corrosive Acid, they may be cur'd by three sorts of external Medicines. 1. Those that Saturate this Acid, as Spirit of Salt-Armoniac, Quick-lime Water, Oyl of Tartar per deliquium, and the like. 2. Those that imbibe and assume this Acid, as all the Preparations of Saturn. The Author has known Ulcers in the Legs cur'd, meerly by applying thin Plates of Lead to them; because the Acid, corrod∣ing the Musculous Flesh, was coagulated in the Lead. 3. Those that by a more po∣tent
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Acidity suppress this weak one; as Verdegreese, which consists of the Acid Salts of Vinegar Coagulated in Particles of Venus; now these Salts are much more powerfull than in common Vinegar, be∣cause they are concentrated and separated from strong Phlegm, and thereby enabl'd to suppress the weaker putredinous Acid of the Ulcers; which Aqua fortis, Spirit of Salt, and other Acid Spirits also do. But no∣thing performs this so effectually, as Actual Cauteries, because there is no Acid so power∣ful as that of Fire.
N. B. I. The Acid Effluvia, that are continually passing away from Inflammable Bodies while they are burning, do com∣pose Flame, so long as they continue nume∣rous enough within a certain Sphere, and in a very swift motion, but having pass'd the limits of this Sphere, they begin to move more slowly, and are by degrees dispers'd. So that the same Acid Effluvia, which being in a rapid motion, produce tormenting Pains and Convulsive Motions by corroding the Nervous Parts; when they are in a moderate Motion, do pro∣duce in our Body a temperate and grate∣full heat, by inciting the Nervous Capil∣laments to gentle Spasms.
N. B. 2. Tho' Actual Fire be so far
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from being one of the Material Principles of Mixt Bodies, that it cannot exist in them without destroying them; yet there are certain Acid Particles in all mixt Bo∣dies, differing but in Rest, or in Degrees of Motion from Actual Fire, in which the Seeds or Ideas reside, that are the Formal Principles of those Bodies. But these Acid Particles do themselves return into Elementary Water, when they are devested of those Seeds. Which Seeds or Ideas, so often heretofore mention'd, t'will now be seasonable to explain.
Having abundantly prov'd, that Simple Water is the only Matter of which all Mixt Bodies consist, 'tis plain that they all agree in one and the same Material Principle; so that their difference one from another proceeds not from any diversity in the Matter of which they consist, or in the proportion of the Elements that may be suppos'd to concur to their Composition But,
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Prop. XVII.
The diversity, that is among Natural Bodies, is wholly owing to the different Seminal Ideas, that regulate the Operation of the Plastick Spirit, which Co∣agulates Water into various Substances, differing in Figure, Solidity, Bigness, Or∣der and Connection of Parts, and other Modifications, according as its Motions are guided by these Ideas.
FOR when God at first Created out of nothing the Terraqueous Globe, and furnish'd it with numerous Bodies of several Species or kinds; he was pleas'd, because the Individuals were Corruptible, to endow them by vertue of his Omni∣potent Word (Be fruitful and multiply,) with a Power of producing out of Pre-ex∣istent Matter, new Individuals like them∣selves, and of their own Species; that so, when the first Individuals were dissolv'd, the Species might nevertheless be preserv'd in these new Individuals generated by the first; & so on, as long as the world endures. This Generative Power is seated in the seeds; [which are very obvious in Animals and Ve∣getables, but more doubtful in Mine∣rals, at least in severall sorts of them.]
As for Animals, and particularly Man;
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the Feminine seed is a limpid Liquor, contain'd in the little Eggs, that are found in the Testicles. This Seminal Liquor contains in it self an exact Idea of an entire Human Body (of the femal sexe,) consist∣ing of as many particular distinct Ideas, as there are different Parts in a Human Body, which all together concur to make up one entire Idea of an entire Woman: so if it were possible for us to contemplate this Idea with our Bodily Eyes, as well as we can do with our Intellectual, we might discern in it sensible signatures of all the Parts of the Body, alltogether making up a lively representation, and as 'twere exact Model, of an entire Woman. The Idea of every particular Part in this Seed, is a Particle of the Idea that resides in that same part of the Womans Body that generates this Seed. For every Part of a Womans (Mans, or any other Ani∣mals) Body, whether Similar or Organi∣cal, has its own Idea residing in it, in which Idea is imprinted upon, or (which is all one) communicates a Particle of it self unto the Blood, that Circulates through the Part; and the Blood carryes all these Ideas to the Testicles, where they are gather'd together, dispos'd into the same Order that the Parts, they come from, have in the
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Womans Body, and so united into one entire Idea, which is inclos'd within the Tunicles of the Egg, that being defended from In∣juries thereby, the particular Parts of it may be able to retain their due situation, and may not be lyable to be confounded one with another or misplac'd. This Idea is endow'd in the Testicles with a particle of that moving Vital Spirit, which is the Principle of all Vital Actions, and the only Mover of all Seeds, which, with∣out this, are Barren and Unfruitful, be∣cause they cannot unfold themselves. But yet this Plastick Spirit in the Feminine Seed is too weak for to accomplish the evolu∣tion of the Ideas, without it be strength∣en'd, Actuated, and Fecundated by that more powerfull Spirit which the Masculine Seed is impregnated with. All that has been said of the Feminine Seed, is appli∣cable also to this, saving, that it contains Ideas of all the Parts of a Human Body of the Male Sex only, not of the Female; and that these Ideas are confounded one with another, because the Seed not being in∣clos'd in Tunicles in the form of Eggs, but contain'd in the Testicles in a liquid form, they fluctuate and cannot retain any certain Order. Hence it is, that as the
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Feminine Seed alone can never be fruit∣ful, till its weaker Spirit be corrobora∣ted by Conjunction with the Masculine; so neither can the Masculine Seed alone ever produce a Foetus, till its confus'd I∣deas be reduc'd into due Order by con∣junction with the Feminine, each Idea taking its own proper place, by applying it self to the correspondent Ideas of the Feminine Seed. In short, the Masculine Seed cannot reduce the confus'd Ideas in∣to Order, but being set in Order by the Feminine, it can explicate or unfold them, which the Feminine cannot. Where∣fore the Masculine Seed must be injected into the Womb, whence it emits a Semi∣nal and Vital Spirituous Exhalation through the Tubi Fallopiani into the Testes or Ovarium, where one (or more) of the Eggs, being impregnated with this Ex∣halation, and foecundated thereby, is thrust out of its place, and falls into the extre∣mity of the Tubus Fallopianus, which con∣veys it to the Womb. For tho' the two Seminal Spirits be now united into one, yet even this is not sufficient for the Evo∣lution of the Ideas; till it be excited to motion by the Heat of the Womb; and then it begins the Evolution of the Ideas, by Coagulating the approximated Ali∣ment
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into a substance agreeable to the particular Ideas, and applying it to them: by which means the Ideas, that were utterly insensible before, do quickly ac∣quire a visible bulk: insomuch that Ker∣kringius tells us of a Foetus, but four days old, wherein the distinction of the Parts was plainly discernible. This Apposition of Aliments to, and gradual Evolution of the Ideas, begins at the first Conception, and continues after the Child has left the Womb, till the Body have attain'd its full stature; (that is, to a perfect Evolution of the Ideas, for when the Ideas are not capable of any further Evolution, the Growth of the Body must cease.) So that Ganeration is really nothing else, but the first Nutrition; or the Apposition of Ali∣ment to and Evolution of the Ideas while they are yet insensible: and on the other side, Nutrition is nothing but a continued Generation. For 'tis the same Plastick Spirit, guided by the same Ideas, that Co∣agulates and Applyes the Aliment to e∣very Part, both in and out of the Womb. And the immediate Aliment of all the Parts in both states is the same, namely Blood, but with this Difference, that the Embryo is nourish'd with the Mothers Blood, communicated to it by the Ʋmbilical Vein
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from the Placenta Ʋterina: whereas, after the Child is born, it takes in various Ali∣ments by the Mouth, and makes Blood of them it self for its own Nourishment. This Blood is already determin'd to nou∣rish the Human (and no other Animals) Body, by the Impression that the Idea of the Stomachal Ferment has seal'd the Ali∣ments, it is made of, with; but is in∣different to all the Parts of the Human Body, till it come to be determin'd to the Nourishment of particular Parts by be∣ing stamp'd (as it were) with the Seal of the particular Ideas residing in them. For every Organ hides in its Ventricle an I∣dea of its own Body, that regulates the Apposition of the Aliment to that Part, (and is the same that regulated the first Formation of it.) And the Native Heat, or vital Spirit of every different Part, Co∣agulates the Blood into a differing Sub∣stance, and applyes it in a differing man∣ner, according to the diversity of that I∣dea, which guides the Motions of this Co∣agulating Spirit. These Ideas were con∣created with the Parts of the first Indi∣viduals. And after what has been said, 'twill not be difficult to conceive, how they were folded up (as it were) and united into one entire Idea in the Seed of these
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first Individuals: how the second were generated by the gradual unfolding again of the same Ideas, & apposition of Aliment to them: in a word, how by the convolutions and Evolutions, (so to speak) of those I∣deas, the Propagation of Mankind has been continu'd to this day. (And the same is to be said of all other Animals, as well as of all Vegetables.)
This is as brief and clear an Account, as I could give of the Authors Notion of the Generation of Animals: which tho' it may seem already more prolix than is agreeable to the Design of this Treatise, yet, because the Theory of Generation is so difficult, and because I have not else∣where met with so intelligible an Ac∣count of the Seeds and Ideas that Helmont so often speaks of; I thought it would not be foreign to my Design, if I insist a little longer upon a Theory, that will so much conduce to facilitate the Reading of an Author, that many are deterr'd from, by the Obscurity of his Notions, and that has deliver'd so many and so considerable Chymical Experiments; for the obscure hints he gives of some of the Principal, will be much better understood by one that is acquainted with His Notions, than by one that is not, caeteris paribus. Wherefore I
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shall proceed, without any farther Apology, to deduce, from the Hypothesis, already de∣liver'd, an explication of some of the chief Phaenomena of Generation; continuing to insist upon one single Instance, taken from the chief Species of Animals, Man: for the same things, that are here deliver'd con∣cerning Man, may, with a little alteration, be easily apply'd to other Animals.]
The Sexe of the Foetus is determin'd by the prevalency of the Ideas of the Fathers, or of those of the Mothers Seed. If there be a parity of both, the Foetus will par∣take of both Sexes.
A Mole happens, when an Egg falls out of the Ovarium into the Womb, merely by the irritation of Lust, without congress with a Man: for the Tunicles of this Egg swell and are extended in the Womb; but the moving Spirit of the Masculine Seed is wanting, to unfold the Ideas of the Egg and apply Aliment to them: for the Ideas, tho' they give the due Figure to e∣very Part, yet they cannot unfold them∣selves; and the Feminine Spirit in the Egg is not vigorous enough to do it; tho' it have really some activity, whereby it con∣curs with the Masculine in the formation of a true Foetus, and makes itself alone some unperfect evolution of the Ideas in a
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Mole, which has been observ'd sometimes by Kerkringius and others, to contain the Parts of a Human Body sensibly, tho' im∣perfectly, delineated. 'Tis because of this strength and vigour of the Spirit of Mens Seed, that they are said to be of a hotter temperament than Women; and that Eunuchs turn Effeminate in their voice, manners, and disposition.
Abortion happens upon the lest manifest Acidity of the Aliment of the Foetus, for this Coagulates and suffocates the Spirit, that by its occult and milder Acidity should Coagulate the Aliment, and apply it to the Nourishment of the Foetus. Hence a four Scorbutick disposition of the Blood makes Women subject to miscarry; and the use of red Coral, Mother of Pearl, and the like is good to prevent it.
The Plurality of Foetus's happens when more Eggs than one are foecundated by the Mans Seed, and fall out of the Ovarium in∣to the Womb. For the Ideas of the Mans Seed, being to be reduc'd into or∣der by application to those of the Womans, every particular Idea may be divided, and apply it self to the corre∣spondent Idea of several Eggs. This is manifest in the Seed of a Cock, which if the Hen have but once receiv'd, it suffices
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oftentimes to make her Eggs fruitful for a whole year thereafter. So that every particular Idea of his Seed, must have been divided into as many Particles, as there were Eggs foecundated by it. Mar∣cus Marci, De Ideis operatricibus, ascribes the plurality of foetus's to the Plurality of Hearts in the Seed, howsoever this be occasion'd; for the Heart being the Center of Evolution, as many Hearts as there are, so many Centers of Evolution, and by consequence so many Foetus's.
The monstrous Plurality of Parts in one Foetus happens, when the Ideas of the Mas∣culine Seed are not exactly apply'd to the correspondent Ideas of the Feminine Seed; but decline to the right or left hand; so that, being separately unfolded, they make up distinct Parts.
The want of a particular Part (as Arms, Legs &c.) happens, when the Idea of that Part is not unfolded for want of Aliment; or is extinguish'd by some impure Acid Particles of the Aliment, or by the force of the Mothers Imagination of some person presented to her, that has (by an Accident perhaps,) lost that Part.
A Pygme or Dwarf-Stature happens, when the Evolution of the Ideas is hinder'd, either by the impurity or manifest
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Acidity of the Aliment apply'd to them, some time after the Foetus has left the Womb; or by the force of an Idea imprinted in the Mothers Imagination, that so mingles it self and becomes one with the Idea, that forms the Foetus, as to determine it, not only in respect of Figure but of Stature; so that the Forma∣tive Idea, being straitly ty'd with the Imaginative, is compell'd thereby to stop before a perfect Evolution. If this Idea take root in one Subject, it may be pro∣pagated to Posterity, till it be extinguish'd by a supervening Idea of greater Force.
On the contrary, a Gigantine Stature pro∣ceeds from the Evolution of the Forma∣tive Idea beyond its due bounds; which Marcus Marci ascribes to two Causes, namely, either the Refraction of the Ideal Rayes by falling into a dissimilar Medium, or the Mothers strong Imagination of some huge Statue. And indeed there are many obvious Instances, to prove, that a strong Imaginative Idea of the Mothers, impress'd upon the Seed, (or even upon the Embryo, after the Evolution is begun) may have power∣ful Effects in the Formation of the Foetus. For hence it is, that we can often distin∣guish Men of several Nations by their Aspect: because the Women of every
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Nation form in their Imagination so strong an Idea, from the constant sight of their owne Country-men, as, by uniting it self to the Formative Idea, determines it to fashion the Foetus like them, in some Pro∣pertyes of the Countenance, that most, if not all, of them, agree in: Jacobs Rods also are a signal Instance to this purpose. And there are many Relations of White Women, that by reason of a strong Imaginative Idea, occasion'd by the frequent, or unexpected and affrighting sight of Blackamores, have brought forth black Children. This Imaginative Idea continues, till it be ex∣tinguish'd by the accession of another more powerfull Idea. The Author tells us of a Woman with Child, affrighted at the sudden coming of a Blackamore; who be∣ing presently washd all over, by the pru∣dent advice of a By-stander, did so strong∣ly imagine the washing off of the Black∣ness hereby, that the Idea of Blackness, formerly conceiv'd, and already imprint∣ed upon the Foetus, was by this means ex∣tinguish'd; for she brought forth a white Child, but spotted between the Fingers and Toes, and in a few other Parts that the washers hand had miss'd. Finally, to add no more, 'tis a very usual Observati∣on, that if a Woman with Child conceive
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a strong Idea of any Thing, whether by a longing desire after it, or being affrighted at the sight of it &c. the Child seldom fails to have a Mark in some part of its Body, representing that thing both in Colour and Figure; whether it be a Cherry, Mouse, or any other such like thing: and if the Thing, that surprises the Mother, fall upon or hit against a particu∣lar Part, the Idea of it will be impress'd upon that same Part of the Foetus. [An Eye-witness related to me, that a preg∣nant Woman, that had been affrighted with a Cat suddenly thrown upon her lap, brought forth a Child with two Marks, one above each Knee; which Marks, when the Knees were brought together (into the same posture that the Mothers were in, when the Cat affrighted her) did exact∣ly represent an entire Cat, with the Head above the one Knee, and the Tail above the other, in the very same posture that the Cat fell in. But, tho' it plainly ap∣pears from these and many more such In∣stances, that the Mothers Imagination has a powerfull influence upon the Foetus; yet to give a clear and intelligible Expli∣cation of the Manner how it produces such Effects, is a matter of no small diffi∣culty; and our Author gives but little ac∣count
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of it. However I shall offer some Considerations, that may somewhat lessen this Difficulty, tho' I shall not pretend to give a clear and satisfactory Solution of it. First of all then, I consider, that, since the Formation of the Foetus is wholly regu∣lated by the Seminal Ideas, 'tis easy e∣nough to conceive, that an Imaginative Idea, impress'd upon the Seed, may have a considerable Influence in the Formation of the Foetus. For Instance, the Idea of a Blackamore (simply as such, regarding on∣ly the Colour of his skin, and not the figure, proportion, and other Qualities of the Parts of his Body; or at least, not be∣ing so strong in regard of them, but that other different, and more prevalent Ideas of these Qualities, may render this inef∣fectual, as to them: this Idea (I say,) im∣press'd upon the Seed, may determine the Formative Spirit to form the Foetus with a black skin; since it has been for∣merly prov'd, that all the Modifications (and consequently the Colour) of every Part, depend intirely upon the Ideas re∣siding in the Seed. In the next place I consider, that, since 'tis highly probable, that the Animal Spirits, which come from the Brain through certain little Nerves to the Testes, do there mingle themselves
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with the spirituous part of the Blood, brought thither by the Arteries, and con∣cur with it to make up the Matter where∣of the Seed consists: and since the Idea of a Blackamore (to keep to the former In∣stance) is convey'd to the Brain and im∣printed there by the Animal Spirits, which receive it from the Image or Idea painted in the bottom of the Eye, upon the Tunica Retina or (as others think) the Choroeides, by the Rayes of Light re∣flected from the Blackamores Body: it may be easily enough conceiv'd, that the Ani∣mal Spirits may also convey the same I∣dea from the Brain to the Testes, and there impress it upon the Seed. For if the Animal Spirits of the Optick Nerves transmit this Idea from the Eyes to the Brain, and there imprint it; why may not the Animal Spirits of the Par vagum transmit the same Idea from the Brain (through certain little Branches that reach,) to the Testes, and there communicate it to the Seed. And since the Rayes of Light, that come from the Object, may be Reflected from a Specular Body to the Eye, without losing thereby that Figuration, Motion, or whatever other Modification it be, that qualifyes them to paint an exact Idea of the Object, they receiv'd it from, upon the
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Retina or Choroeides: why may not the Animal Spirits, that receive the very same Modification from the Tunicle of the Eye, be Reflected from the Brain to the Testes, and there impress the same Idea upon the Seed. Nor can it be said, that the Seed is not a Subject capable of such Ideas, since (as was noted before) the Animal Spirits are Part of the Matter whereof it consists, so that by taking them into its own sub∣stance, it must receive the Ideas they bring along with them. And 'tis most certain, that many Impressions, made in particular Parts of the Body, and transmitted to the Brain, do not stop there, but are Reflected back to the same, or to other Parts, where they often produce very no∣table Effects; & that barely by the strength of the Impression, without any concur∣rence of the Wills Determination, yea many times in direct opposition to it. And tho' the Substance of the Brain seems very remote from being Specular; yet since that Quality depends upon such a Modification of the surface of any Opa∣cous Body, as qualifies it to Reflect the Rayes of Light in the same order they fell in, without at all confounding them, or altering the Modifications they re∣ceiv'd from the Object; 'tis plain that
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the Brain, if it be at all capable of Re∣flecting the Impressions that come from visible Objects, (as certainly it is) must, as well as Specular Bodies, tho' perhaps upon very different accounts, be qualify'd to Reflect them without confounding or altering them; for if the Brain should confound or alter them, there could be no true distinct Ideas of the Objects, they come from, form'd in it.
All these Considerations may be also apply'd, to lessen our wonder at the powerful Influence of the Mothers Imagi∣nation upon the Foetus in the Womb already form'd. For so long as the Foetus is in the Womb, it may very justly be consider'd as a Part of the Mothers Body; since her Blood Circulates through and nourishes it, as well as the other Parts of Her Body. And being 'tis very probable, that the Animal Spirits, convey'd by the Nerves to every Part of the Mothers Body, do there mingle with the Blood brought thither by the Arteries, and concur with it to the Nutrition of the Part: I may very reasonably suppose, that the Animal Spirits, that come to the Womb, may there mingle with the Arterial Blood, and be trasmitted together with it by the Um∣bilical Vein into the Body of the Foetus for
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its Nourishment. And if there be a strong Impression of any Idea in the Brain, the Animal Spirits may (as was formerly ex∣plain'd with relation to the Testes)▪ con∣vey it to the Womb, and there impres• it upon the Body of the Foetus; which, be∣ing so soft and tender, may upon that account be more susceptible of any such Impression, than the other Parts of the Mothers Body; especially since Her fre∣quent and solicitous Thoughts of the Womb, and the Foetus therein contain'd, may determine the Animal Spirits to flow more copiously thither than to other Parts, and keep those Pores of the Brain that lead thither more open: so that the Reflection of any Impression, made upon the Brain, may have a freer course that, than any other way. And tho' the Im∣pression made upon the Foetus be but weak at first, yet it may be afterwards suffi∣ciently confirmd by often reiterated Ima∣ginations. Finally, tho' it be very little at first, yet it may increase daily as the Foetus grows: which may be both illustrated and confirm'd by Figures light∣ly cut in the Rind of a Gourd, which grow bigger and bigger as the Gourd increases.
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And now I see not any considerable Difficulty remaining in this Subject, after I shall have added this one Con∣sideration; namely, That, because the Formative Idea, residing in every Part of the Foetus, is a Particle of the Idea that resides in the same Part of the Mothers Body; an Imaginative Idea, produc'd in her Brain, by a sudden Impression made upon any Part of her Body, may, when it is communicated to the Foetus, be more apt to unite it self with the For∣mative Idea, belonging to that same Part of the Foetus, than with any other; and upon this account, that Part may more easily, than any other, receive the Im∣pression. For the Idea of the Object comes to the Mothers Brain, accompany'd with the Idea of the Part, that the Impression is made upon, and the Imagination con∣nects them together as it were in∣to one Compound Idea, and transmits them to the Foetus; where the latter easily unites it self with the Formative Idea homogeneous to it, and the for∣mer impresses itself upon the Part, that this Idea resides in.
If it be objected, that after all that has been said, we are still in the dark about
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the main Point, for want of a clear and distinct Notion of the Ideas so often mention'd. I answer, that many things have been already, and some more yet remain to be, deliver'd, tending to clear the Nature of those Ideas, all which laid together, and attentively consider'd, may go a great way in assisting judicious Readers, to form as clear Notions about them, as can well be expected in so ab∣struse a Subject, as the Generation of Ani∣mals. And 'tis no less cefficult, if not much more, to give an Intelligible and satisfactory explication, of the Nature of Imaginative Ideas, representing sesible Ob∣jects in the Brain (which no man questions the reality of,) than of those Formative Ideas, that the Notions, here propos'd a∣bout Generation, are built upon. And he that denyes the later, because he can∣not be distinct enough in his Concepti∣ons of them, may upon the same ground de∣ny the former, yea and even disbelieve his own Eyes, when he sees the Ideas of many various Objects transmitted through a small hole (fill'd with a Con∣vex Glass) into a dark Room, and there delineated to the life, without the least confusion, upon a piece of White Paper, plac'd opposite to the hole, at a convenient
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distance. And such a Person I cannot bet∣ter answer, than by recommending to his serious Perusal, A Discourse of things above Reason, lately Published; where the acute and judicious Author very convincingly proves, that, 'tis highly reasonable to be∣lieve many things, that our Reason cannot comprehend; many that we cannot form any clear and distinct Notions of; and many that we cannot reconcile to other unquestionable Truths. For the Ideas, we have been speaking of, may very justly claim a place in the second of the three, newly mention'd, Ranks of Priviledg'd Things, which that Author styles Inexpli∣cable. 'Tis true, that profound and subtil Philosopher, Des Cartes, has attempted, in his Book de Homme, to give a Mechani∣cal Account of the Ideas, that are imprinted in the Brain by insensible Objects. But he founds his Notions upon an Hypothesis, concerning the Structure of the Brain, and the Motion of the Spirits in it, which tho' it be most ingeniously devis'd, yet 'tis so far from being countenanc'd by Anatomical Observations, that it seems utterly inconsi∣stent with the best and most accurate, that have been made upon that Part. But 'tis more than time to conclude this Digressi∣on, and proceed to the rest of our Authors
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Observations about the Seminal Ideas of Animals, and particularly of Man.
The Propagation of Hereditary Distem∣pers (such as the Epilepsie, Gout, Stone, Consumption) from Parents to their Chil∣dren, depends upon this: That the semi∣nal Idea which forms the Lungs (for in∣stance) of the Foetus, is a Particle of that Idea which resided in the Parents Lungs: Which is to be understood also of the Reins, Joynts, Brain, and all the other Parts of the Body. Hence many Chil∣dren are born with Moles, or Spots, in the very same Parts of their Body where their Parents had them, and of the same shape; insomuch, that whole Families have taken their Names from the Things that the Moles, common to these Families, were observ'd to resemble, as the Cice∣rones, Pisones, Lemuli, &c. For there are certain subtil Corpuseles, that go out of every (even the smallest) Part of the Pa∣rents Body, and mingle themselves with the Spirituous Part of the Blood that Cir∣culates through it. Which Effluvia, being modifi'd, and as it were figur'd, after a peculiar manner by the Part they come from, impress this Modification upon the fore-mention'd Spirit; which Spirit, be∣ing afterwards united in the Seed with
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the Ideas of all the other Parts, (that is, the Spirits come from every Part with a peculiar Modification impress'd upon them by it) and excited to Motion, and extri∣cated from the grosser Parts of the Seed by the heat of the Womb, begins to form, of its own Substance, a Body like unto that Part, from which it receiv'd the Modi∣fications impress'd upon it. And thus the prima stamina of the Foetus are form'd; which are nourish'd at first by the grosser Part of the Seed, and afterwards, partly by the Mothers Blood, and partly also, perhaps, by the Liquor contain'd in the Amnos or inner Membrane of the Foetus. From this Process of Generation, 'tis easie to understand, how that Disposition of some particular Part of the Parents Body, which renders Him or Her obnoxious to any particular Distemper, may be com∣municated to the same Part of the Foetus, and render it obnoxious to the same Di∣stemper. Only the nature of the Impressi∣on which is made upon the Spirit that forms the Parts of the Foetus, and which qualifies it to form them like the Parts of the Parents Body which it came from; I say, the particular nature of this Modifi∣cation remains in the dark still. Nor do I know how to illustrate it better, than by
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comparing it to that which is little less obscure than it self; namely, the Modifi∣cation, which the Rayes of Light receive by being Reflected from various Objects, and by which they are qualifi'd, to produce, in a darkned Room, lively and distinct Repre∣sentations of each of those Objects, both as to their Figure and the Colour of their surface; and 'tis from the surface only, that the Rayes receiv'd this Modification, whereas the fore-mention'd Effluvia come from all the innermost Recesses of every Part, and therefore from the correspon∣dent Part of the Foetus like unto it, not only in Figure and Colour, but in the whole Nature and inward Textur of it.
That the Ideas of all the Parts do really exist in the Blood, appears from the fol∣lowing Arguments. 1. They have some∣times visibly appear'd in the Blood, re∣ceiv'd into a Cucurbit immediately as it slows out of the Vein, (whilst it is warm and turgid with Spirits) for some Medi∣cinal Preparation: See Borell. Observ. 2. Some, that have drunk the Blood of any Animal, or of another Man, have been observ'd to partake of the Nature and Dis∣position of that Man or Animal. Commodus his disposition was owing to his Mother,
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who, presently after his Concepti∣on, drank the Blood of a cruel Gladiator that she was desperately in love with. A certain Maid, having drank some Cats-Blood, as a Remedy for the Epilepsie, did imitate Cats in her voice, motion and Acti∣ons, when the Fit was coming upon her; watching silently at little Mouse-holes. See Becker. Microcosm. Therefore (to note that by the way) the Transfusion of Blood seems not a safe way of curing Di∣seases. 3. The Spittle of a Mad Dog makes other Dogs, Men, Horses, or any other Animal, wounded by his Teeth, turn mad also, and imitate his Actions and Gesticulations, such as Barking, Grinning, Fearfulness of Water, &c. Now Spittle is an immediate production of the Blood that circulates through the Salivary Glandules, & therefore must have receiv'd from thence the Ideas, that it infects the Spirits of the bitten Animal with. Also other Venemous enraged Animals, as the Tarantula, &c. com∣municate such Ideas by the little Wounds that their Teeth make in the Part they bite, as transform the Spirits of the Party bitten to a ridiculous imitation of their Gesticulations.
Though every particular Part of the Foetus be form'd, as has been said, by the
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Evolution of its own Idea, convey'd, by the Circulation of the Blood, from the Correspondent Part of the Parents Body, unto the Testes, where the Seed is made; yet maimed Parents may have perfect Chil∣dren; namely, if both Father and Mother be not mutilated (at least not of the same Parts;) or if they have had perfect Seed in store, before they were dismembred; or if the defect of the Architect tonic Spi∣rit, that should have come to the Seed from the Part that is deficient, be suppli'd by the strength of the Parents Imagination; who by seeing daily other Infants, Boys, Girls, Men, Women, all perfect, with∣out the defect of any Part, may conceive so firm an Idea of a perfect Foetus, as will (by the Sympathy, between the Imaginati∣on and the Seed, formerly explain'd) pro∣duce the very same Modification in the Seed, that an Idea, convey'd by the Blood from the deficient Part, (if it had not been wanting) would have done. For the Mo∣thers Imagination may not only add to the Foetus a Spot representing the Thing Ima∣gin'd in Figure and Colour, but even the very Thing it self in its whole Nature. How many Instances are there of Pregnant Women, that have conceiv'd so strong an Idea of the Horns of some Beast that has
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terrifi'd them, that the Impression, there∣by made upon the Foetus, has produc'd (not a Spot only representing it, but) a real substantial Horn, though, perhaps, this Cause of the Phaenomenon be not always observed. And hence it is, that if the Parents be maimed from their Birth, their Children are often mutilated of the same Part, because they cannot easily conceive a firm Idea of the entireness of that Part, which they never felt en∣tire in themselves: But if they were dismembred long after, they can easily form a strong Idea of the Part that they have felt entire, and known the use of, in themselves, and so supply the defect of that Idea in the Seed. 'Tis also probable, that the Mothers Imagination is the princi∣pal Cause, why the Childs Face sometimes resembles the Fathers, sometimes the Mo∣thers, and sometimes some other Person, according to the Idea that is prevalent in the Mothers Brain, while she is with Child.
That the Mother (as well as the Father) is furnish'd with true Seed, endow'd with the Ideas of the Parts of her own Body (as well as the Fathers is with the Ideas of his) and consequently, that she does con∣tribute part of the Plastick vertue that forms the Foetus, as well as afford the
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Matter of which it is form'd and nourish'd in the Womb, appears from several Parts of the foregoing Discourse, as well as from the three following Considerati∣ons. 1. The Ideas of the Masculine Seed can only be taken from the Parts of the Mans Body, and therefore can never form the Organs peculiar to a Woman. 2. The vitious Conformation of any Part of the Mothers Body, as well as of the Fathers, is often propagated to the Foetus. 3. When a Male and Female of differing Species co∣pulate, the Foetus is of a mixt kind, re∣sembling the one in some of its Parts, and the other in others. We have (besides the instance of Mules) too many instances of this in the Monstrous Foetus's produc'd by the detestable Venery of some Men, that copulate with Female Brutes. The flowing of the Menstruous Blood to a young Womans Womb, is a sign of Maturity, because it signifies, that, besides the Semi∣nal Idea of her own Sex (which she was really furnish'd with before) there is now also Aliment provided for the Evolution of that Idea, whensoever it comes to be Foecundated by the Masculine Seed.
Death happens, when the Vital Spirit (or Calidum innatum) that is the chief Mover in the Evolution of the Ideas, and in all
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the Animal Functions, is supp••ss'd or ex∣tinguish'd by any Cause whatsoever. (This may be better understood from what was formerly deliver'd of Abortion, which is nothing else but the Death of the Foetus.) But the Ideas do still remain in the Cada∣ver, though they are become Barren for want of the Moving Spirit; which shall be restor'd again at the Resurrection, and no new Evolution thereby made, but the en∣tire Idea, as it was already unfolded at the time of Death, resuscitated or animated anew. And some of the Spectres, that are seen in Church-yards, may be nothing else but the Ideas, remaining in the Human Cadavers, elevated by means of a certain Central Heat, which would be seen in the day time also, if the Light of the Sun did not keep them from appearing. Serpents, cut to pieces and putrefi'd, breed new Ser∣pents by the influence of the Sun, which restores to the quiescent Ideas that moving Spirit, which they had lost by Death. Frogs also bruis'd, in the Winter, and resolv'd into Mud, do, upon the same account, re∣vive in the Summer. Ducks, putrefi'd, are reported to breed Serpents, and it has been confirm•d to the Author, by a cre∣dible eye-witness: whence it evidently ap∣pears, that the seminal Ideas of the Ser∣pents
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Flesh (which they use to feed often upon) have not been totally destroy'd, even by so many Digestions, but have con∣tinu'd entire under the dominion of the Ducks seminal Ideas. Swallows, when the cold Winter comes, bury themselves under the Water, where they continue without any sign of the least Motion or life, 'till the returning Sun inspire them with new vital Spirit, and thereby raise them to life again. All these Instances do strongly argue the possibility of the H•••••… Re∣surrection: Which (as also the Authors conjectures about Sp•••…es) is likewise much confirm'd by the Resuscitation of Ve∣getables, hereafter mention'd.
Naturalists observe, that, in some Per∣sons, the Passion is so great in time of Co∣ition, that, for the present, it quite berea∣veth them of the use of Reason. And therefore it is, (which should have been noted before) that the Parents Imaginati∣on, at that time, produces more powerful Effects in the Seed, than the same Imagina∣tion, at any other time, could have done. For when the Animal Spirits flow in such abundance into the Organs of Generation, any Idea, that is very strong in the Imagi∣nation, must of necessity be carry'd down together with them and infect the Seed.
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But I have already insisted too long upon this Subject: And therefore I shall add no more, but pass on to the Generation of Ve∣getables.
Every Species of Vegetables has its own particular Seed. The visible Seed is but the Receptable, that contains, and secures from External Injuries, the true Seed or Idea of the Plant, which (says our Author) all sound Philosophers affirm to be but the 2800 parts of its own Body; intimating this determinate Proportion, that in all Generations the true Seed is very remote from any sensible bulk. The Seminal Idea of every Plant (as was formerly said of Animals) consists of as many particular di∣stinct Ideas, as there are different Parts in the Vegetable, all together representing an exact Model of the entire Plant. The Evolution of this Idea is perform'd in this manner. When the Body of the Seed, or external Capsula of the Seminal Ideas, be∣gins to be soften'd by the moisture of the Earth, so that the Ideas may take up a larger space, the heat of the Sun excites the innate fire of the Seed, which is Con∣geneal to it; (for all fruitful Seeds are endow'd with a Particle of that universal Spirit of Life, which is the Principle of all Vital Actions, Foecundates all Seeds,
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and is the only Mover in all Generations:) and which being, put in motion, begins, by the Coagulative vertue 'tis endow'd with upon the account of its Acidity, to Coagulate the Water that is at hand, into a Substance agreeable to the nature of the Ideas, and fill up the little spaces of the Ideas with it: Which are by this means gradually explicated, 'till they have at∣tain'd the utmost Evolution that they are capable of. This Evolution, of the Ideas of a Vegetable seed, may be clearly repre∣sented to the Eye by Artificial Vegetation, which is perform'd in the following man∣ner, according to Tachenius.
Take the ripe Seed of any Plant, gather'd in fair Weather, bruise it in a Glass Mortar, and keep it in a Glass Hermetically seal'd, of a shape and bigness answerable to that of the Plant, 'till you observe a convenient Evening, when Dew is like to fall; then take out your Seed, and expose it all night upon a Plate of Glass, that it may be wet with Dew; but be sure to seal it up again before Sun-rise, with a solution of the Salt of Dew, in its own distill'd Liquour pour'd upon it to the heighth of three fingers breadth. Expose this seal'd Glass to the Rayes of the Sun and Moon in fair Wea∣ther, and keep it in a warm Fire-room in
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rainy Weather. After some days the Seed will appear like a Mucilage, and the super∣natant D•w will be of a Green Colour sa∣turate according to the nature of the seed, and coverd over with a skin or divers Co∣lours. When these signs are compleat, if you heat the Glass, you shall see a perfect lively Idea of the Plant rise up within it, which will disappear again when the Glass is remov'd from the Heat. This odd Phae∣nomenon depends upon a Particle of the Ʋniversal Spirit contain'd in the Dew, which excites the innate Spirit of the Seed to an occult Fermentation, whereby the Idea is freed from its external earthy Re∣ceptacle, so that it may be elevated by the application of external Heat, leaving the heavy terrestrial Particles behind. But the Author does not give credit to the Experi∣ment, that some pretend to, of elevating this Idea from the Ashes of a Plant; be∣cause the Calcination drives away that Spirit, which is the immediate Receptacle of the Idea of the Plant. The forementi∣on'd Salt of Dew is made by Filtring and Distilling the Dew 'till it leave no more Faeces, then Calcining the Faeces, and Ex∣tracting the Salt from them, which is to be dissolv'd in the Distill'd Dew, and so pour'd on upon the Seed, as above.
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In the last place, Minerals also are en∣dow'd with Seminal Particles. For though they be not made up of so many dissimular Parts, and of distinct Organs, as Vegeta∣bles, and especially Animals are; and con∣sequently, though we cannot suppose any Ideas in them consisting of Integral Orga∣nical Parts: Yet they have a certain Semi∣nal Ferment, which, in Metals particularly, is evident enough; for 'tis this Ferment that converts Mercury into a Metalline Sub∣stance. Therefore, Iron Mines, that have been almost quite exhausted, are after some years found as rich in the Oar as they were at first. And the same thing is ob∣serv'd in Tin, (and likewise in Nitre.) And such a Seminal Power there is in com∣mon Gold, though this Metal be unfit to impregnate other Metals therewith, and consequently improper for the Grand Phi∣losophical work of Transmutation; because its Sulphur, being once Coagulated, loses all Power of Motion for the future, and therefore is unfruitful and dead. But 'twas this same Seminal Sulphur, that, when the Gold was produc'd, did Coagulate it self with Mercury, and thereby convert it into Gold. And there appears not any solid Reason against the possibility of the Trans∣mutation so much sought after; since,
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though Seeds cannot be converted into other Seeds, yet those, that are endow'd with a weaker Mover, may be overcome by, and brought under the Dominion, of such Seeds as are furnished with a stronger.
And now having establish'd the Material and Formal Principles of Natural Bodies, the Efficient only remains to be consider'd.
Prop. XVIII.
The chief Mover (under God) of all Natural Bodies, that actuates and foecundates all Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Seeds; that Coagulates Elemen∣tary Water into all sorts of Bodies, ac∣cording to the various Ideas of those Seeds; that applies the same Water to those Ideas, and in a word, the chief Efficient in all the Phaenomena of Nature, is a certain subtil Spirit of an Igneous na∣ture, diffus'd through the whole visible World, but chiefly treasur'd up at the Center thereof in the Sun.
N.B. [1. BY Spirit here, is not meant an Immaterial Substance, but a Body consisting of very Minute and very Active Particles, peculiarly fitted for Motion, and endow'd with a great measure of it. 2. By the visible World, I understand here, that part of the Corpo∣real
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Universe which contains the Earth with the other six Planets, and makes up one great Vortex, whereof the Sun is the Center. As for the rest of the Universe, it is altogether unknown to us, only, as that most ingenious conjecture of the incomparable Des Cartes concerning it, is very likely to be true; namely, that every one of the fixt Stars, we see, is the Center and Sun, as 'twere, of a distinct Vortex: So 'tis no less likely, that each of them has the same relation to its own Vortex, and the same Influence upon the Planets, or whatever Bodies they are which it con∣tains, that the Sun has to our Vortex, and upon the Bodies comprehended there in particularly the Terraqueous Globe. And though this Part of our Authors Hypothesis concerning the Anima Mundi or Ʋniversal Spirit, may be applicable in the sense new∣ly explain'd, to the whole Universe of Bodies, yet his other Principles of Water and Seeds are not so comprehensive; and whatever he says of them, must be limited to the Bodies contain'd in this little Point of the Universe, that the Almighty Crea∣tor has given to Mankind for an Habitati∣on. And the truth is, we have but little certain knowledg of the other Parts of the World, and that little we have is very
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superficial.] 3. This Ʋniversal Spirit is actually Igneous in its Fountain, the Sun; and after it is incorporated in Terrestrial Bo∣dies, even the coldest of them, it differs but in the slower Motion of its Particles from actual Fire, and therefore, when-ever they are put into a rapid motion, it turns into actual Fire again. And those Particles of Combustible Bodies, that, being in a vehement Agitation, do chiefly constitute our Culinary Fire, were once Particles of this Ʋniversal Spirit, and came Originally from the Sun. 4. This is the Spirit that mov'd upon the Water at the beginning of the Creation. For when God created the Mat∣ter of which he intended to form this Ter∣raqueous Globe, namely, a great Mass of simple Elementary Water, he endow'd it with all sorts of Seeds, and made use of this Spirit to Coagulate a great part of the foresaid Mass, according to the Signatures of those Seeds, into Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Bodies of all kinds. [And the Word in the Original, which our Tran∣slators render Mov'd, seems to agree very well with this Hypothesis: For it properly belongs to Birds sitting upon and flutter∣ing over their Eggs and young ones, to ex∣cite, quicken and foecundate the Seed con∣tain'd in the Eggs, and so bring forth the
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young ones; and to cherish them when they are brought forth: so that, in this place, the Word may be very reasonably suppos'd to imply, that the Vital Spirit, which God had Created, did, as 'twere, sit upon, and move it self in the Waters, to actuate the Seeds they contain'd, and by this means Hatch'd, as 'twere, and brought forth the after-mention'd Bo∣dies.] 5. Tho' this Spirit, by Coagu∣lating the Elementary Water into several Bodies, was it self Coagulated and Incor∣porated together with it, and tho' it has been propagated to all sorts of Bodies that have been produc'd, by Generation, ever since the Terraqueous Globe was first Created; so that every fruitful Seed has a Particle of this quickning Spirit connate with it: Yet this Particle is not sufficient to accomplish the Evolution of the seminal Ideas, and actuate the Body in all the Functions that belong to it, unless it be maintain'd, corroborated, and multipli'd by constant fresh supplies, from that Inex∣haustible Treasure of this Vital Fire, which is plac'd in the Sun; and thence diffus'd, with the Rayes of that glorious Body, to all Parts of the visible World, and parti∣cularly to the Terraqueous Globe, where it maintains and actuates the fore-mention'd
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Native Spirit of all Animals, Vegetables and Minerals. 6. The Vital Substance, that flows continually from the Sun, is equally capable of all Forms, and unites it self indifferently with all Seeds. But when 'tis once united, it loses its indifferency, and is specifi'd according to the determi∣nate nature of every particular Seed that it incorporates with. Hence the Sulphurs of Vegetables are quite different from those of Animals, and both from the Sulphurs of Minerals; nor can they be transmuted in∣to one another by humane Art: So streight∣ly does the Ʋniversal Spirit unite it self with particular Seeds. The reason of this so close an union, is, because the Native pre-existent in every Seed, is of the same Spirit Nature and Original with this Ʋni∣versal Spirit.
As for the Proof of the Proposition hitherto explained, the Ʋniversal Spirit, asserted in it, is manifest, 1. From the absolute necessity of constant Respiration to Men, and most other Animals; for hence it is evident, that there is a certain Vital Substance in the Air, that they cannot live a Minute without fresh supplies of, now that the Air is but the Vehicle of this Vi∣tal Substance, flowing continually from the Sun, and the Medium, through which it is
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convey'd to sublunary Bodies, shall be prov'd hereafter. So that it must be the Ʋniversal Spirit, cloath'd with Air, that is constantly receiv'd into the Lungs by In∣spiration, and thence transmitted to the Heart; which (being the chief Fountain of the Animal Life, that constantly diffuses a Vital Spirit through the Arteries, together with the Blood, to all Parts of the Body, and thereby maintains and cherishes the Native Heat and Vital Spirit residing in each of them) must have constant supplies from the Ʋniversal Spirit, to Corroborate, Maintain, and Multiply its own Particular Spirit. For the Ʋniversal Spirit, that flows from the Sun to all Parts of the Macrocosm, is of the same Nature with this Particular Spirit, that flows from the Heart to all Parts of the Microcosm, and is therefore very fit to nourish and support it with constant new supplies. 2. The same Ʋni∣versal Spirit is no less evident from what has been deliver'd under the former Pro∣position, concerning the Generation of Ani∣mals. To which I shall only add, that Nature has solicitously provided to secure the Seed from External Air, because, if it were expos'd but a moment to the Air, the Ʋniversal Spirit, that dwells there, would instantly suck up (so to speak) the
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Congeneal Spirit that foecundates the Seed, as not being yet incorporated. [Wherefore the Seed, of Oviparous Ani∣mals, is carefully shut up from the Contact of the External Air within the Egg. And in Viviparous Animals, presently after the Injection of the Masculine Seed into the Womb, and the Union thereof with the Feminine,] the Orifice of that Part is ex∣actly clos'd, and the two united Spirits do presently fall to Work, and begin the Evolution of the seminal Ideas, and the Apposition of Aliment thereunto. But this Work could never be accomplish'd, nay, nor even begun, unless the seminal Spirit were excited, cherish'd, corrobora∣ted, and supported by the Heat of the Womb, [and by constant supplies of the Mothers Vital Spirit, convey'd, with the Arterial Blood, from her Heart to the Placenta Ʋterina, and thence transmitted, through the Ʋmbilical Vein, into the Vena Cava, and so into the Heart of the Foetus, which is the Centre of Evolution, and the chief Spring of all the Animal Actions, both in and out of the Womb: But no sooner is the Foetus separated from the Mother, and thereby depriv'd of the supplies that the Vital Spirits, residing in the Heart, receiv'd from her in the Womb, than it begins
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to draw supplies for maintaining of the same Vital Substance, from the Ʋniversal Spirit lodg'd in the Air, as was said before. 3. 'Tis the Vital Spirit residing in every particular Part of the Human, or any other Animals Body, maintain'd by the Influence of the Ʋniversal Spirit convey'd with the Air, by Respiration, into the Lungs, and from thence communicated, by means of the Circulation of the Blood, first to the Heart, and, from that, to the whole Body;] 'tis this Spirit, I say, that Coagulates the Fluid Blood into the solid substance of that Part, and is the true Efficient of all the Vital Functions belong∣ing to it. [Those Animals that are desti∣tute of Lungs, are nevertheless endow'd with Organs of Resparation of an equiva∣lent use. For that excellent Anatomist, Malpigius, has happily discover'd, that those blackish Points, which we observe in Insects, all along the length of their Body, on both sides, are really the Orifices of so many Tracheas or Wind-Pipes, which con∣vey the Air into the Stomach, Spinal Mar∣row, and all the other Bowels, as well as the Heart, so that the Air has immediate access to seed the Vital Spirit that resides in each of them, because there is no Circu∣lation of the Alimentary Juice in these Ani∣mals;
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or if there be, it is too slow to convey sufficient supplyes of the Ʋniversal Spirit from any one Part to all the rest, as it doth from the Heart and Lungs in perfect Animals. And the constant ingress and egress of the Air by these little Holes, is so necessary to the life of Insects, that if you immerge their whole Body into Oyl, or but anoint these little spots with it, they presently dye; whereas if you a∣noint only the Intervals with Oyl, without touching these little Holes, they receive no harm. And tho' Fishes have no Lungs nor Air Pipes, because they live in the Wa∣ter; yet instead thereof they have Gils, which are Dilated and Contracted by a perpetual Reciprocation, to give ingress and egress to the Water, as the Lungs of other Animals are to Inspire and Exspire the Air. Nor can Fishes live without Wa∣ter, any more than Land-Animals can do without Air. Whence 'tis highly proba∣ble, that the former receive constant sup∣plyes of some vital substance from the Wa∣ter, as well as the later do from the Air: especially if we farther consider, that the Vital Liquor Circulates through the Gils of the one by the Ramifications of their Ar∣teria Bronchialis, as well as it do's through the Lungs of the other by those of the Ar∣teria
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Pulmonaris. Wherefore, if in Land-Animals the said Vital Liquor divide it self into little Rivulets in its passage through the Lungs, that every part thereof may at each Circulation receive fresh supples of Vi∣tal Spirit from the Air, that is diffus'd through the whole substance of those Re∣spiratory Organs, by the numerous Ra∣mifications of the Wind-pipe; if this be so, I say, (as we formerly prov'd it to be) we may very reasonably suppose, that in Fishes the same Vital Liquor Circulates in like manner through the Gils, that it may receive constant fresh supplies of a vital substance from the Water, that washes the Gils perpetually. N. B. The Gils of Crust∣ed Fish, as Lobsters, &c. and of Shell-fish, as Oysters, &c. are spongious, and not on∣ly receive the Water into all their inner∣most parts (where it communicates with the numerous Vessels, that diffuse the Vi∣tal Liquor through the whole substance of the Gils) but give it a Passage also in∣to all the Internal Cavities of the Body, where it is laid up as in Bottles, to sup∣ply the foresaid Fishes with Vital Spirit, when the Ebbing of the Sea leaves them in sicco: whereas the Gils of sanguineous Fishes that live constantly in the Water, are not spongious, and the Water washes on∣ly
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their outward surfaces without penetra∣ting any farther. But instead of enlar∣ging any more upon this point, I shall re∣fer the curious Reader to Dr. Willis's Book of the soul of Brutes, Chap. 3. where he will find it very fully and accurately handled.] 4. The Existence of an Ʋniver∣sal Spirit is evident from what has been said concerning the Growth of Vegetables. For 'tis a Particle of this Spirit in the seed, excited, strengthn'd and maintain'd by the Suns Vital Influence, that Explicates the Seminal Idea, and Coagulates the Wa∣ter into solid substances, as Wood, Bark, &c. which could never be produc'd out of simple Water without this Coa∣gulating Spirit. 5. The same Argument may with equal, if not greater, force be applied to Minerals, and especially to Me∣tals, which, tho' they be the solidest sub∣stances yet known, are nevertheless made of Mercury, which of all Liquors is the most fluid.
In the next place, To evince that the Sun is the chief Fountain of this Ʋniversal Spirit, I need only put the Reader in mind of what was formerly observ'd concerning vegetable seeds; namely, that they would be perpetually barren, if their Native Spirit were not actuated by that vital sub∣stance
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which is every where diffus'd with the Rayes of the Sun. But to confirm this a little farther, 'tis evident beyond con∣tradiction, that the Growth of Vegetables depends upon the Influences of the Sun, since the different Seasons of the Solar Year have so constant and so powerful Effects upon them. For in Winter the Influence of the Sun is very weak, because of the Ob∣liquity of his Rayes, and the shortness of the dayes: and therefore Seeds lye dor∣mant in the Earth without any motion: Herbs fade and wither, or dye totally: Trees are depriv'd of their Leaves and live∣ly Verdure, shoot forth no Twigs, pro∣duce no Blossoms, bear no Fruit, and in a word cease from all Vital Actions. Yea many Animals themselves loose much of their Vigour, and some of them (such as Flyes, Frogs, Swallows, &c.) lye dead, as it were, all the Winter long, in Chinks of Walls, or in Cavities of the Earth, or under Water, without any motion, Sense, or the least appearance of Life: But when the Sun comes to be more vertical, and the Dayes grow longer, every thing ca∣pable of Life is quickn'd or reviv'd; and the whole Face of the Earth, that look'd dead and lifeless before, appears fresh, verdant, lively, and quite new, insomuch
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that 'tis astonishing to behold so vast an alteration: the Vital Spirit remaining in the Roots of such Herbs, as did not quite dye in the preceeding Winter, being Re∣viv'd, Excited to Motion and Corrobora∣ted, falls to work afresh, and produces new Stalks, Leaves, Flowers, Seed, Fruit, &c. the Vital Spirit that had in a great measure retir'd from the Branches of Trees into their Roots and Body, ex∣plicates it self anew, restores their fresh and lively Verdure, and adorns them with new Leaves, Twigs, Buds, Blossoms, Fruit, &c. Finally the Vital Spirit of the forementioned Animals, that had Concen∣tred it self in the middle of their Body, actuates the Members anew which it had before deserted, and restores to them Sense, Motion, and the Exercise of all their Vital Functions.
Lastly, The Ʋniversal Spirit appears to be of an Igneous Nature, 1. Because it flows from the Sun, which is an actual Fire. Yea the Solar Rayes themselves, which diffuse this Vital Substance through the Visible World, being Collected by a Burning Glass into a Center, produce all the Effects of our Actual Culinary Fire. [2. The Vital Spirit of Animals is fed by the Universal Spirit, as has been evident∣ly
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prov'd, and by consequence is of the same Nature with it. Now this Vital Spi∣rit, in Hot Sanguineous Animals, has all the Essential Properties of an Actual Flame: For it constantly diffuses a sensible Heat through all the Members of the Body: it is maintain'd by constant fresh supplies of sulphureous Fuel from the Aliments, that are taken into the Stomach and thence con∣veyed to the Blood, where this subtil Flame invisibly burns; and of an Aerial Pabulum from the Air, that is taken into the Lungs by Inspiration, and there com∣municated to the same Liquor: it con∣stantly emits Fuliginous Effluvia, both through the Wind-Pipe also through all the Pores of the Skin, which are like so ma∣ny Chimneys appointed to ventilate this vital Fire: It is kindled first in the Semi∣nal Liquor, either by another vital Fire, as in viviparous Animals; or by the Intestine Motion of the Sulphureous Parts, excited and cherished by a continu'd External Warmth, as in Oviparous Animals: but so long as the Foetus is included in the Womb or Egg, it burns very faintly, and never breaks out into an actual Flame till the Air have free nccess to it by Respiration: finally it dyes as soon as it is depriv'd of Sulphureous Fuel, of Aerial Pabulum, or of Ventilation. Now
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these Properties seem to be peculiar to Flame: and particularly there is nothing we know of in the World besides Life and Fire, whose Motion is instantly suppressed by withdrawing the Air. See Willis de Ac∣centione Sanguinis.]
Prop. 19.
The Ʋniversal Spirit, that Coa∣gulates Elementary Water into Solid Sub∣stances of the Animal Vegetable and Mi∣neral Kingdoms, consists of Acid Parti∣cles.
For 1. IT is of an Igneous nature; and Fire has been prov'd to consist of Acid Particles put into a rapid Motion. 2. All Chimists agree that the Concretion of Bodies depends upon the Saline Principle. Now Acaline Salts are apt rather to Dissolve Bodies, than either to Coagulate or be Coagulated: Whereas we have a multitude of Instances of Coagulation and Fixation perform'd by Acid Salts; which tho' they Corrode (and so Dissolve) ma∣ny Bodies, yet their Property is to Conco∣agulate with the Bodies they have Corro∣ded. [Thus Quicksylver is Fixed and Co∣agulated by the Acid Particles of common or Antimonial Sulphur, into Cinnabar; by those of Salt and Vitriol into Sublimate
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Corrosive; by Spirit of Nitre into Red Precipitate, as the Chymists abusively call it; by Oyl of Vitriol, Oyl of Sulphur, or Oyl of Alum into Turbith Mineral, finally by the Acid Particles of Fire into Preci∣pitate per se. These Instances are the more pertinent to our purpose, because Mercury is a more Fluid Body than Simple Water it self. And the last of them, tho' at first it appear somewhat Para∣doxical, yet upon better examination it seems to be very reasonable; since Preci∣pitate per se, as well as the rest of the newly mentioned Preparations of Quick∣silver, may be reviv'd into running Mercu∣ry, by being distill'd from Salt of Tartar, Quick-lime, or such other Alcalisate Bo∣dies as are very apt to be wrought upon by Acid Salts, and thereby to disengage the Quicksilver that was Coagulated with them: and since the Particles of Fire (which have been prov'd to be Acid) may penetrate Glass, and many times increase the weight of the inclosed Bodies, as Mr. Boyle has undeniably evinced by a great many Experiments: and finally since Fire is the only Agent in this Preparati∣on.] The Sulphur of Lead deprives Quicksilver of its Fluidity. Volatil urinous Salts are so powerfully fix'd by Acid Spi∣rits
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as to endure an open Fire for some time; but they recover their former vo∣latility, as soon as they are disengaged from the Acid Salts that fixed them, by the addition of any Alcalisate Body. All sorts of Acid Salts do coagulate Milk: and the Coagulation of the Creamy parts of Milk into Butter, depends upon the in∣ternal Acid of the Milk; for if you throw any Alcalisate Salt into it, there can be no Butter obtain'd from it. The Acid Salts of Nitre do so powerfully fix the vomi∣tive Sulphur of Antimony, as to render it a good Diaphoretic. [The Acid of Spi∣rit of Wine instantly Coagulates Spirit of Ʋrine; for, if both these Liquors be high∣ly rectified, as soon as ever you have ming∣led them, the whole mixture loses its Fluidity, insomuch that tho' the Glass be inverted, not one drop will fall out: yea our Author affirms that] if Spirit of Wine highly rectified be kept for some months upon Salt of Urine in a gently digestive heat, they will unite together into a Cal∣culus of a reddish Colour: and (which is yet more strange) four parts of this Stone will convert one part of new Spirit of Urine into its own Substance, and four parts of this one more, and so on with∣out any end: and that the Stone in the 〈1+ pages missing〉
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may be Generated after the same man∣ner by the Plaistick Vertue of an Inter∣nal Acidum, joyned with the Salt of U∣rine, and being mixt with Gravel by Fermentation, concentrates into a Con∣create Substance. We found by a Stone being taken out of a Humane Bladder, and Anatomized, by Distillation, to consist of Oyl, Spirit, and Volatile Salt, with a very large Caput Mortuum: but of this we shall say no more at present, but leave the Reader to judge what may be gathered by the foregoing Experiment; so that it's believed, the Universal Spirit that Coa∣gulates Elementary Water, as well as other Bodies into solid Substances, consists of Acid Particles.
FINIS.
Some Books Printed for and sold by Stafford Anson, at the three Pidgeons in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1691.
1. DIctionarium Historicum, Geographi∣cum, Poeticum: Opus admodum u∣tile & apprime necessarium. A Carolo Ste∣phano Inchoatum. Ad incudem vero revoca∣tum, innumerisque pene locis auctum & ema∣culatum per Nicolaum Lloydium, Collegii Wadhami in Celeberrima Academia Oxoniensi socium. Editio novissima. In qua Historico Poetica, & Geographica seorsim sunt Alpha∣betice digesta; & Liber totus tum emenda∣tionibus, tum additamentis (recentioribus tredicem Annorum Lloydii Elucubrationibus, manuque ultima) ita adornatur, ut novus ac plane alius videripossit. Cui accessit Index Geographicus, ubi hodierna & vernacula Lo∣corum nomina Antiquis & Latinis propo∣nuntur.
2. The History of the Council of Trent; containing eight Books. In which, be∣sides the ordinary Acts of the Council, are declared many notable Occurrences which happened in Christendom, during the space of forty years and more, and particularly the Practices of the Court of Rome, to hinder the Reformation of
their Errors, and to maintain their Great∣ness. Written in Italian by Pietro Soave Polano; and faithfully translated into English by Sir Nathaniel Brent, Knight. Whereunto is added the Life of the Learned Author, and the History of the Inquisition, in Folio.
3. Dionysii orbis Descriptio, Annotationi∣bus Eustathii, & Hen. Stephani, nec non Guil. Hill commentario Critico & Geogra∣phico, ac Tabulis illustrata, 8vo.
4. P. Virgilii Maronis opera, Interpreta∣tione & notis Illustravit Car. Ruaeus, ad usum Delphini. Juxta Editionem novissi∣mam Parisiensem, 8vo.
5. Horatii opera ad Ʋsum Delphini, 8vo.
6. Phaedri Fabulae, ad Ʋsum Delphini, 8vo.
7. Virgilii operacum Annotationibus Jo∣hannis Minellii.
8. —— Id. cum Notis. T. Farna∣bii, 12ves:
9. P. Terentii Comoediae cum notis. T. Farnabii, 12ves:
10. Isocratis Orationes duae. 1. Ad De∣monicum. 2. Ad Nicoclem. Nova methodo & apprime utili, quoad verbum & sensum Latine redditae: Graecismis Phrasibus & sen∣tentiis in quibus maxima vis Rei consistit,
〈1+ pages missing〉